Fig. 7.

Major NET formation steps and summary of inducers of NETosis. For illustrative purposes, the small green spheres in the NET represent MPO, which were housed in the primary granules (large green spheres). ANCA-induced activation is suggested to require neutrophil priming in advance. TIM-3 is a surface protein on T-cells that is proposed to activate NETosis. DAMPs (damage associated molecular patterns) have been described in the text, but include mitochondrial DNA, galectin-3, for example. Uric acid microcrystals, and other microcrystals can activate NETosis, and so could the combination of the cytokines IL-6 and TNFα. Concepts and findings were applied in this figure from [42,164,169]. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)