Fig. 3.

Phenotypic evolution of four traits in O. biennis field populations before (2011, early selection) and after (2017) successional dormancy. (A) fruit chemical defense by a toxic ellagitannin, (B) likelihood of annual reproduction, (C) an index of flowering phenology, and (D) an index of plant competitive ability. All traits except annual reproduction were significantly differentiated prior to dormancy. Mean population phenotypes were derived by genotype-specific phenotypic means multiplied by genotype frequencies in each of eight replicate control (ambient insects) and eight insect-suppression populations. All populations were initiated 10 y prior to soil disturbance with nearly equal genotype frequencies. Estimated population phenotypes at the start of the experiment in 2007 are shown by the purple dashed line. Panels show means ± SE; NS = not significant, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01