Table 1.
Sociodemographic characteristics in adolescents and their parents by adolescent pain group (N = 508)
| Total (N = 508) | No pain (n = 124) | Pain < 3 months (n = 236) | Persistent pain (n = 148) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adolescent characteristics | |||||
| Gender, N (%) | < .0011,2 | ||||
| Female | 281 (55.3) | 42 (33.9) | 141 (59.7) | 98 (66.2) | |
| Male | 227 (44.7) | 82 (66.1) | 95 (40.3) | 50 (33.8) | |
| Age, median (min, max) | 14.0 (14.0, 15.0) | 14.0 (14.0, 15.0) | 14.0 (14.0, 15.0) | 1.0 (14.0, 15.0) | .447 |
| Adult members of the household, N (%)a | .204 | ||||
| Both parents | 381 (75.0) | 99 (79.8) | 176 (74.6) | 106 (71.6) | |
| Alternates between two parents | 68 (13.4) | 15 (12.1) | 27 (11.4) | 26 (17.6) | |
| One parent and/or other caregivers | 59 (11.6) | 10 (8.1) | 33 (14.0) | 16 (10.8) | |
| Parents’ work status, N (%)b | .246 | ||||
| Both parents are working | 414 (81.5) | 104 (83.9) | 196 (83.1) | 114 (77.0) | |
| One parent is working | 94 (18.5) | 20 (16.1) | 40 (16.9) | 34 (23.0) | |
| School absence for the previous 3 months, N (%)c | .0162 | ||||
| No absence | 180 (35.4) | 54 (43.5) | 78 (33.1) | 48 (32.4) | |
| 1–4 days | 259 (51.0) | 60 (48.4) | 129 (54.7) | 70 (47.3) | |
| ≥ 5 days | 69 (13.6) | 10 (8.1) | 29 (12.3) | 30 (20.3) | |
| Parent characteristics | |||||
| Gender, N (%) | .568 | ||||
| Female | 393 (77.4) | 95 (76.6) | 179 (75.8) | 119 (80.4) | |
| Male | 115 (22.6) | 29 (23.4) | 57 (24.2) | 29 (19.6) | |
| Age, mean (SD) | 45.2 (4.9) | 45.4 (4.5) | 45.2 (4.9) | 45.2 (5.1) | .923 |
| Marital status, N (%)d | .195 | ||||
| Married/cohabitant | 422 (83.1) | 109 (87.9) | 195 (82.6) | 118 (79.9) | |
| Single/divorced | 86 (16.9) | 15 (12.1) | 41 (17.4) | 30 (20.3) | |
| Education level, N (%)e | .697 | ||||
| ≤ 12 years and/or certificate of apprenticeship | 127 (25.0) | 28 (22.6) | 59 (25.0) | 40 (27.0) | |
| 13–15 years (< 4 years of higher education) | 129 (25.4) | 32 (25.8) | 65 (27.5) | 32 (21.6) | |
| ≥ 16 years (≥ 4 years of higher education) | 252 (49.6) | 64 (51.6) | 112 (47.5) | 76 (51.4) | |
| Work status, N (%) | .297 | ||||
| Yes, full time | 375 (73.8) | 83 (66.9) | 181 (76.7) | 111 (75.0) | |
| Yes, part time | 91 (17.9) | 30 (24.2) | 36 (15.3) | 25 (16.9) | |
| No, not employed | 42 (8.3) | 11 (8.9) | 19 (8.1) | 12 (8.1) | |
| Household income, N (%)f | .527 | ||||
| ≤ 450,000 NOK/year | 44 (8.7) | 9 (7.3) | 20 (8.5) | 15 (10.1) | |
| 451,000–750,000 NOK/year | 88 (17.3) | 18 (14.5) | 49 (20.8) | 21 (14.2) | |
| 751,000–1,000,000 NOK/year | 116 (22.8) | 33 (26.6) | 51 (21.6) | 32 (21.6) | |
| > 1,000,000 NOK/year | 260 (51.2) | 64 (51.6) | 116 (49.2) | 80 (54.1) |
Bold values indicates statistically significant differences between the groups (p ≤ 0.05)
Continuous variables analyzed with ANOVA with Tukey’s HSD post hoc test or Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests between pairs of groups
Categorical variables analyzed with x2-test. Significant differences between the marked groups: 1No pain versus Pain < 3 months, 2No pain versus Persistent pain and 3Pain < 3 months versus Persistent pain. p values marked with bold indicate statistically significant differences between the groups (p ≤ 0.05)
The pain group variable was recoded into three categories: “No pain,” “Pain < 3 months” (only once, < 1 month, 1–3 months) or “Persistent pain” (> 3 months, > 6 months, > 12 months)
SD standard deviation, PCS physical component summary, MCS mental component summary
aThe variable was recoded into three categories: “Both parents,” “Alternates between two parents” or “One parent and/or other caregivers” (one parent and one step-parent, one parent, other caregivers)
bThe variable was dichotomized as “Both parents are working” or “One parent is working” (one parent is working, no parents are working)
cThe variable was recoded into three categories: “No absence,” “1–4 days” or “≥ 5 days” (5–7 days, 8–10 days, > 10 days)
dThe variable was dichotomized as “Married/cohabitant” or “Single/divorced” (single, divorced, widowed)
eThe variable was recoded into three categories: “≤ 12 years and/or certificate of apprenticeship” (9 years, 10–11 years, 12 years, certificate of apprenticeship), “13–15 years (< 4 years of higher education)” or “≥ 16 years (≥ 4 years of higher education)”
fthe variable was recoded into four categories: “≤ 450,000 NOK/year” (< 250,000 NOK/year, 250,000–450,000 NOK/year), “451,000–750,000 NOK/year,” “751,000–1,000,000 NOK/year” or “> 1,000,000 NOK/year.”