Table 1.
Characteristics of the phenotypes on eICU derivation cohort
| Characteristic | eICU derivation | phenotype-I | phenotype-II | phenotype-III |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of patients (%) | 3875 | 1565 | 1232 | 1078 |
| Age, mean (SD), years | 66.0 (15.5) | 67.3 (14.6) | 61.2 (16.7) | 69.6 (13.9) |
| Gender—female, No. (%) | 1825 (47.1%) | 787 (50.3%) | 593 (48.1%) | 445 (41.3%) |
| Past history | ||||
| Hypertension (%) | 2177 (56.7%) | 905 (58.4%) | 569 (46.6%) | 703 (65.6%) |
| Insulin-dependent diabetes (%) | 608 (15.8%) | 228 (14.7%) | 131 (10.7%) | 249 (23.2%) |
| COPD (%) | 975 (25.4%) | 506 (32.7%) | 223 (18.3%) | 246 (22.9%) |
| CABG (%) | 248 (6.5%) | 102 (6.6%) | 47 (3.8%) | 99 (9.2%) |
| APACHE IV Score, mean (SD) | 62.6 (26.1) | 52.6 (20.5) | 65.4 (27.6) | 74.2 (26.3) |
| Berlin classification* | ||||
| Mild (%) | 424 (25.0%) | 185 (27.2%) | 106 (19.5%) | 133 (28.4%) |
| Moderate (%) | 743 (43.9%) | 345 (50.7%) | 217 (39.9%) | 181 (38.6%) |
| Severe (%) | 526 (31.1%) | 150 (22.1%) | 221 (40.6%) | 155 (33.0%) |
| Temperature, mean (SD), °C | 37.3 (0.8) | 37.0 (0.6) | 37.8 (0.9) | 37.0 (0.7) |
| Heart rate, mean (SD), BPM | 104.2 (22.7) | 97.4 (19.0) | 117.5 (22.2) | 98.8 (21.3) |
| Respiratory rate, mean (SD), breaths/min | 28.6 (8.3) | 26.3 (7.1) | 32.6 (9.1) | 27.4 (7.1) |
| Systolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg | 102.2 (21.9) | 109.6 (21.5) | 96.6 (18.9) | 98.3 (23.0) |
| Glasgow Coma Scale score, mean (SD) | 12.3 (3.7) | 13.1 (3.2) | 11.4 (4.1) | 12.1 (3.6) |
| Potassium, mean (SD), mg/L | 4.1 (0.7) | 4.1 (0.6) | 3.7 (0.5) | 4.5 (0.7) |
| Sodium, mean (SD), mg/L | 137.5 (5.7) | 137.9 (5.3) | 137.9 (6.0) | 136.3 (5.7) |
| Glucose, median (IQR), mg/dL | 131.0 (107.0–168.0) | 134.0 (110.0–170.0) | 125.0 (104.0–153.0) | 135.0 (105.0–185.0) |
| Hematocrit, mean (SD), g/dL | 33.8 (7.2) | 37.3 (6.5) | 32.3 (6.7) | 30.6 (6.4) |
| Creatinine, median (IQR), mg/dL | 1.2 (0.8–1.9) | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | 2.6 (1.8–4.4) |
| Blood urea nitrogen, median (IQR), mg/dL | 24.0 (16.0–39.0) | 20.0 (14.0–28.0) | 18.0 (12.0–27.0) | 50.0 (36.0–67.0) |
| Bicarbonate, mean (SD), mmol/L | 25.3 (6.4) | 29.3 (5.8) | 23.4 (5.1) | 21.5 (5.2) |
| Platelets, median (IQR), × 109 /L | 206.0 (150.0–275.0) | 217.0 (171.8–286.2) | 196.0 (131.0–264.0) | 191.0 (129.0–265.0) |
| White blood cell count, median (IQR), × 109 /L | 11.6 (8.2–16.1) | 10.9 (8.1–14.6) | 12.4 (8.5–17.5) | 12.1 (8.3–17.0) |
| Albumin, mean (SD), g/dL | 2.9 (0.7) | 3.3 (0.6) | 2.7 (0.7) | 2.8 (0.7) |
| Total Bilirubin, median (IQR), mg/dL | 0.6 (0.4–1.0) | 0.5 (0.4–0.8) | 0.7 (0.5–1.2) | 0.7 (0.4–1.2) |
| PaO2, mean (SD), mm Hg | 73.0 (59.0–97.0) | 74.0 (60.0–95.0) | 71.0 (58.0–96.0) | 75.4 (59.6–100.0) |
| PaCO2, mean (SD), mm Hg | 41.0 (34.0–51.0) | 51.0 (42.5–65.0) | 36.0 (31.0–41.0) | 38.0 (31.0–45.0) |
| pH, mean (SD), unit | 7.3 (0.1) | 7.3 (0.1) | 7.4 (0.1) | 7.3 (0.1) |
| In-hospital days†, median (IQR), d | 6.0 (3.0–11.0) | 5.0 (3.0–9.0) | 7.0 (4.0–13.0) | 6.0 (3.0–11.0) |
| In-hospital mortality, No. (%) | 572 (14.8%) | 117 (7.5%) | 219 (17.8%) | 236 (21.9%) |
eICU, telehealth intensive care unit; APACHE, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; BPM, beats per minute; SD, standard deviation; IQR, interquartile range; PaO2, partial pressure of oxygen; PaCO2, partial pressure of carbon dioxide; WBC, white blood cell count
*Berlin classification for 1693 patients with valid arterial blood gas (ABG) test in eICU derivation cohort
†In-hospital days calculated as the time difference in days between ICU admission and hospital discharge