Table 3.
Determinants of financial risk protection in Iraq, 2007 and 2012
| Characteristics | Odds Ratio (95% Credible Interval) | |
|---|---|---|
| Catastrophic health expenditure | Impoverishment | |
| Household head age | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) |
| Household head gender | ||
| Male | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Female | 1.21 (1.09–1.34) | 0.87 (0.68–1.10) |
| Household head’s education a | ||
| No education | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Primary | 1.04 (0.95–1.13) | 0.77 (0.64–0.92) |
| Secondary | 0.71 (0.61–0.81) | 0.40 (0.31–0.52) |
| Higher | 0.68 (0.57–0.81) | 0.21 (0.17–0.26) |
| Other | 0.92 (0.81–1.04) | 3.68 (1.62–6.73) |
| Household member | ||
| Number of under-5 | 0.99 (0.96–1.02) | 1.20 (1.15–1.25) |
| Number of over-65 | 1.44 (1.36–1.53) | 1.09 (0.93–1.26) |
| Household wealth quintile | ||
| Q1 (Poorest) | 1.00 | |
| Q2 | 1.31 (1.25–1.38) | NA |
| Q3 | 1.51 (1.42–1.61) | NA |
| Q4 | 1.79 (1.67–1.91) | NA |
| Q5 (Richest) | 2.46 (2.30–2.62) | NA |
| Place of residence | ||
| Urban | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Rural | 1.17 (1.10–1.25) | 1.22 (1.06–1.39) |
| Survey year | ||
| 2007 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 2012 | 4.17 (3.86–4.49) | 1.54 (1.33–1.80) |
| Variance (cov.) | ||
| Level 2 (cluster) | 0.32 (0.23–0.39) | 0.16 (0.04–0.42) |
| Level 3 (governorate) | 0.06 (0.03–0.13) | 0.06 (0.02–0.13) |
Note: NA Not applicable; a No education means Do not read and write, read only, can read and write or no diploma. Primary includes elementary and intermediate (mid school). Secondary includes preparatory, vocational, and institute diploma. Higher includes bachelor’s degree, high diploma, master’s degree, or doctorate degree