Table 1.

ACT Phase of the PDSA framework: Session modifications based on student feedback

Phase	Rationale	Student Qualitative Feedback Received During this Phase	Date of first implementation
Baseline Phase: Provided students an incomplete antibiotic chart to complete during the session as a small group activity. Also completed a small group case activity on “bugs and drugs” identification.	Engage students for the majority of session time on active learning activities.	“I enjoyed the interactive nature of the lecture; however, I think it was a little too hectic to learn as much as I would have liked.” “The table filling part was basically only for people who’d already done ID consult. I want to learn those things, I just don’t think that was a good use of our lecture time.” “Send out Abx chart before the lecture.” “Only suggestion would be to move to a classroom better for groups.” “The bag thing could change, but was a lot of fun.”	2/17/2017
Intervention 1: Provided students with pre-populated antibiotic chart (including medications, mechanisms, adverse effects, etc.)	Students did not like the antibiotic chart completion activity and wanted more time for case discussions	“I would use something other than [bag] to submit answers. Other than that, good!” “Thanks for putting together the chart- super helpful.”	7/27/2018
Intervention 2: For the case-based learning, students could hold up their hands once they had a list of “bugs and drugs” for the case (rather than submit their answers by placing a card into a paper bag)	Students indicated that submitting answers using the paper bag was impractical based on the layout of the classroom (lecture hall with theater seating)	“Would like to get answers. Chart very helpful.” “Put answer choices on same page as vignettes.”	1/15/2019
Intervention 3: For the case-based learning, students were provided with a list of possible answer choices following each case (rather than providing a separate packet with potential answer choices); this minimized the need for students to consult multiple resources during the session	Students requested better organization of the materials used for the session (i.e. combining the packet of cases with the packet of answer choices)	“It was perfect! And very helpful. The only thing is that I wish we have more time/went faster.” “Antibiotic chart is very helpful! Consider sending digital version we can reference on wards.” “Really great review! I wish we had more time. I learned new things as well.” “Love the concise, helpful table at the end.”	5/17/2019