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. 2021 Aug 30;37:100499. doi: 10.1016/j.epidem.2021.100499

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© 2021 The Authors

Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

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Fig. 1 — Infographic depicting seven broad challenges of pandemic modelling for policy, around the central equation of epidemic spread. Optimal decision-making and outbreak control aim to reduce the time-dependent reproduction number below 1. This figure was inspired by the era-defining illustrations of (Hanahan & Weinberg, 2000) in the field of Cancer Biology.