Table 3.
Overview of the biological effects detected in patients following X-ray radiography
| Assay | Gender | Age (years) | Dose | Time of sampling | Tissue examined | Tissue used | Biological effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 24 females7 males | 24 ± 1.023 | 21.4 µSv | Before and 10 days after examination | Oral cavity | Exfoliated oral mucosa cells | No induction of MN, and cytotoxicity (pyknosis, karyolysis). Significant induction of karyorrhexis. | Cerqueira et al. (2004)112 | |
| 31 females9 males | 20 subjects ≤ 22.520 subjects > 22.5 | 21.4 µSv | keratinized mucosa of theupper dental arch | Significant induction of MN | Cerqueira et al. (2008) 113 | |||
| nine girls8 boys | 7.70 ± 1.50 | 0.08 Roentgen(Entrance dose) | Exfoliated oral mucosa cells | No induction of MN, and cytotoxicity (pyknosis, karyolysis). Significant induction of karyorrhexis. | Angelieri et al. (2007)114 | |||
| 42 males | 18–40 | 0.057 mSv(Average dose) | Cells of the lateral border of the tongue | No induction of MN, but increased cytotoxicity (pyknosis, karyolysis, karyorrhexis). The number of karyorrhexis and binucleated cells was greater after multiple X-rays | Da Silva et al. (2007)115 | |||
| 20 females12 males | 24–73 | Not mentioned | Before and 10 ± 2 days after examination | Exfoliated oral mucosa cells | No induction of MN, but increased cytotoxicity (pyknosis, karyolysis, karyorrhexis). | Popova et al. (2007)116 | ||
| 31 females9 males | 26 ± 9.18 | 21.4 µSv | Before and 10 days after examination | Keratinized gingival cells | Significant induction of MN, and cytotoxicity (pyknosis, karyolysis, karyorrhexis) | Cerqueira et al. (2008)113 | ||
| 28 females11 males | 39.6 ± 13 | 0.08 Roentgen(Entrance dose) | Exfoliated oral mucosa cells | No induction of MN, but increased cytotoxicity (pyknosis, karyolysis, karyorrhexis) | Ribeiro and Angelieri (2008)117 | |||
| six females11 males9 girls8 boys | 39.6 ± 5.47.7±1.5 | 0.08 Roentgen(Entrance dose) | Both in adults and children, no induction of MN, but increased cytotoxicity (pyknosis, karyolysis, karyorrhexis) | Ribeiro et al. (2008)118 | ||||
| 12 females20 males | Mean: 38.65 | 0.08 Roentgen(Entrance dose) | No induction of MN, but increased cytotoxicity (pyknosis, karyolysis, karyorrhexis) | Angelieri et al. (2010a)119 | ||||
| 12 females6 males | 14.2 ± 1.4 | Not mentioned | Angelieri et al. (2010b)120 | |||||
| 20 patients(gender not specified) | Children(Age not specified) | Not available | Not mentioned | El-Ashiry et al. (2010)121 | ||||
| 13 girls7 boys | Apr-14 | Range: 0.13–0.29(entrance dose) | Before and 30 min after examination | Chest | Peripheral blood lymphocytes | Significant induction of MN | Gajski et al. (2011)122 | |
| 15 females15 males | 20–23 | 0.046 Roentgen(Entrance dose) | Before and 10 days after examination | Oral cavity | Exfoliated oral mucosa cells | No induction of MN, but increased cytotoxicity (pyknosis, karyolysis, karyorrhexis) | Ribeiro et al. (2011)123 | |
| 10 females15 males | 11.2 ± 1.4 | Not available | Lorenzoni et al. (2012)124 | |||||
| Micronucleus assay | 80 patients | Adults(age not specified) | Not available | No induction of MN in buccal cells.Significant induction of MN in gingival epithelial cells. | Sheikh et al. (2012)125 | |||
| 90 patients | Adults(age not specified) | Not available | No induction of MN, but increased cytotoxicity (pyknosis, karyolysis, karyorrhexis) | Thomas et al. (2012)126 | ||||
| 41 females19 males | 27.63 ± 10.93 | 0.325 mGy/sec(no exact dose mentioned) | Significant induction of MN | Waingade and Medikeri (2012)127 | ||||
| 32 females21 males | 25.21 ± 12.67 | 0.325 mGy/sec(no exact dose mentioned) | Exfoliated oral mucosa cells and keratinized gingiva cells | Significant induction of MN in oral mucosa cells and a significant correlation was observed between the age of the subjects and number of MN | Arora et al. (2014)128 | |||
| 20 patients(gender not specified) | Children(age not specified) | 21.4 mSv(average dose) | Exfoliated oral mucosa cells | No induction of MN, but increased cytotoxicity (pyknosis, karyolysis, karyorrhexis) | Agarwal et al. (2015)129 | |||
| 20 girls20 boys | 07-Dec | Not mentioned | Before and 10 ± 2 days after examination | Significant induction of MN | Preethi et al. (2016)130 | |||
| 70 females | 23.63 ± 6.64 | Range: | Before and 10 days after | Significant induction of MN, and cytotoxicity | Li et al. (2018)102 | |||
| 28 males | 0.18 mGy – 3.54 mGy | examination | (pyknosis, karyolysis, karyorrhexis) above 1 mGy. Below 1 mGy, only significant induction of karyorrhexis. | |||||
| Comet | 14 girls6 boys | May-14 | Range: 0–0.29 | Before and 30 min after examination | Chest | Peripheral blood lymphocytes | Significant increase of DNA damage following radiography. | Milkovic et al. (2009)50 |
| 20 patients(gender not specified) | Adults(age not specified) | Not available | Before and 30 min or 24 h after examination | Oral cavity | Exfoliated oral mucosa cells | Significant increase of DNA damage 30 min following radiography, but not after 24 h | Yanuaryska et al. (2018)131 | |
| γH2AX | 45 females55 males | 20–77 | 23.4 mGy(average dose) | Before and 20 min after examination | Oral cavity | Exfoliated oral mucosa cells | Increased number of γH2AX foci. | Yoon et al. (2009)132 |
| 20 females | 39–71 | Range: 7.1–41.1 | Before and 5 min after examination | Breasts | Systemic blood lymphocytes | Schwab et al. (2013)133 |
MN, micronucleus.