Table 1.

Summary: roles of microbiota in tumorigenesis and anti-cancer therapy

Anti-tumorigenic	Pro-tumorigenic
«Beneficial» bacteria > «pathogenic» bacteria competition	Activation of Tumor elicit inflammation (TEI)
Tumor suppressive metabolites	Genotoxic effect on epithelial and stromal cells
Immune system maturation and tonic stimulation for effective cancer immunosurveillance	Metabolic effect via the metabolic activation of carcinogenic compounds
Immunostimulation and improvement of responses to chemo-, radio- and immunotherapies of cancer	Åctivation of cancer stem cell compartments
	Activation of cell plasticity in the tumor microenvironment
	Inhibition of cytotoxic immune responses (immunosuppression)