Table 2.
Association of Subject Characteristics with Outcomes in 92 Patients Hospitalized for Covid-19.
| Characteristic | Mean length of stay difference (d) | Oxygen duration difference (d) | ICU admission | ICU ventilation | Death |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds ratio | Odds ratio | Odds ratio | |||
| Age (years, β) | .02 (−.05, .09) | .009 (−.06, .08) | −.01 (−.04, .01) | 0.0 (−.04, .04) | −.085 (−.16, −.03)** |
| Male sex | 1.5 (−.9, 3.9) | 1.9 (−.6, 4.4) | 1.1 (.45, 2.6) | 1.1 (.32, 3.7) | 5.1 (.59, 44) |
| Non-White race | 1.3 (−1.3, 3.9) | −.70 (−2.1, .65) | .96 (.37, 2.5) | 2.6 (.77, 9.1) | .91 (.17, 5.0) |
| Medications | |||||
| Dexamethasone | 2.3 (−.4, 5.0)* | 2.6 (−.2, 5.4)** | 4.9 (1.8, 13)** | 1.9 (.38, 9.4) | 2.2 (.25, 20) |
| Remdesivir | 4.2 (1.5, 6.8)*** | 4.4 (1.6, 7.1)*** | 4.3 (1.6, 12)** | 1.8 (.36, 8.8) | .82 (.15, 4.5) |
| Tocilizumab | 1.9 (−1.5, 6.2) | 3.8 (−.1, 7.8) | 1.1 (.26, 4.5) | 1.8 (.33, 9.7) | 8.4 (1.5, 45)* |
| Vitamin D supplement as outpatient | 1.3 (−1.5, 3.7) | .1 (−2.6, 2.8) | 1.3 (.50, 3.5) | 1.1 (.30, 4.0) | 1.7 (.36, 8.2) |
| 25(OH)D (ng/mL, β) | .002 (−.04, .04) | .007 (−.03, .05) | −.002 (−.02, .01) | .02 (−.01, .06) | −.001 (−.02, .04) |
| 25(OH)D < 20 ng/mL | .44 (−2.8, 3.7) | −.67 (−2.4, 1.0) | .64 (.20, 2.0) | 3.1 (.81, 12) | .85 (.09, 7.6) |
| Serum sample hospital day (d, β) | .97 (.52, 1.4)*** | .58 (.09, 1.07)* | −.05 (−.26, .13) | −.48 (−.81, −.21)** | −.040 (−.29, .32) |
| CRP (mg/L, β) | .02 (−.006, .04) | .01 (−.01, .03) | .000 (−.008, .008) | −.005 (−.01, .005) | −.007 (−.02, .005) |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Asthma | 2.7 (−.1, 5.5) | 1.8 (−1.1, 4.7) | .58 (.21, 1.6) | 2.6 (.74, 9.4) | 10 (1.8, 56)** |
| Obesity | .03 (−2.5, 2.6) | .2 (−2.4, 2.8) | .57 (.23, 1.4) | .56 (.14, 2.2) | .28 (.03, 2.4) |
| Diabetes | 1.0 (−1.5, 3.6) | .9 (−1.8, 3.6) | .65 (.26, 1.7) | 1.1 (.30, 4.0) | 1.7 (.36, 8.2) |
| Hypertension | −1.4 (−3.9, 1.1) | −2.3 (−4.8, .2)* | 1.1 (.47, 2.8) | .60 (.18, 2.0) | 4.2 (.48, 36) |
| Coronary artery disease | 1.3 (−1.4, 4.1) | .2 (−2.7, 3.1) | 1.4 (.49, 4.1) | 1.0 (.25, 4.1) | 4.6 (.95, 23) |
| Cardiomyopathy | 1.3 (−5.5, 8.1) | −.9 (−8.0, 6.1) | 3.5 (.30, 42) | 6.9 (.55, 88) | |
| Congestive heart failure | 1.7 (−2.3, 5.8) | 1.5 (−2.7, 5.7) | 1.7 (.33, 8.7) | 2.1 (.38, 11) | 4.5 (.73, 27) |
| COPD | 4.9 (1.7, 8.1) | 3.7 (.3, 7.1) | .39 (.12, 1.3) | 2.1 (.49, 8.9) | 10 (1.9, 51)** |
| Chronic kidney disease | 1.5 (−1.7, 4.7) | .1 (−3.2, 3.4) | 1.5 (.43, 5.0) | .94 (.19, 4.8) | 4.2 (.83, 21) |
| Pulmonary fibrosis | 2.2 (−1.0, 5.4) | 1.8 (−1.5, 5.1) | 1.0 (.32, 3.2) | .94 (.19, 4.8) | 17 (2.9, 98)** |
| Sickle cell disease | −3.5 (−15, 8.2) | −3.9 (−16, 8.1) | |||
| Solid organ transplant | 3.9 (−.3, 8.1) | 3.3 (−1.1, 7.7) | .95 (.11, 8.5) | 1.9 (.19, 18) | |
| Outcomes | |||||
| Required supplemental oxygen | 2.8 (−3.1, 8.7) | 7.2 (.7, 72) | |||
| Days on oxygen (d, β) | .88 (.79, .96)*** | −.31 (−.51, −.14)** | −.17 (−.29, −.08)** | −.09 (−.17, .01) | |
| ICU admission | 4.3 (1.8, 6.7)*** | 4.5 (1.9, 7.0)*** | 1.2 (.21, 6.4) | ||
| Assisted ventilation | 9.3 (6.2, 12)*** | 8.0 (4.7, 11)*** | 12.8 (2.4, 68) ** | ||
| Vasopressors utilized | 12 (7.3, 16)** | 10.6 (6.0, 15)* | 8.0 (1.2, 55)* | ||
| Length of hospital stay (d, β) | .94 (.85, 1.0)*** | −.35 (−.58, −.16)** | −.21 (−.35, −.11)*** | −.09 (−.18, .02) | |
| Mortality | 4.5 (0, 8.9) | 4.8 (.2, 9.4) | 1.2 (.21, 6.4) | 13 (2.4, 68)** | |
Abbreviations: 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3; CRP, C-reactive protein; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Values are shown with 95% confidence intervals in parentheses. Linear or logistic regression parameter estimates (β) are shown for relationships with continuous independent variables.
*
P < .05, **P < .01, ***P < .001 by nonparametric Wilcoxon/Kruskall-Wallis test, or chi-square test for categorical variables and linear or logistic regression for continuous variables.