Table 1.
Sample Characteristics (N = 338)
| Characteristic | M or n | SD or % | Range |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 41.57 | 10.00 | 23 – 71 |
| Years Education | 14.99 | 2.16 | 9 – 22 |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 292 | 86.39% | — |
| Female | 46 | 13.61% | — |
| Race/Ethnicity* | |||
| White | 193 | 57.10% | — |
| Black | 136 | 40.24% | — |
| Other | 21 | 6.21% | — |
| Hispanic/Latinx | 16 | 4.73% | — |
| Branch of Service | |||
| Air Force | 32 | 9.47% | — |
| Army | 245 | 72.49% | — |
| Marine Corps | 37 | 10.95% | — |
| Navy | 24 | 7.10% | — |
| Service-Connected Disability | 288 | 85.20% | — |
| Current Psychiatric Disorder* | 179 | 52.96% | — |
| PTSD | 126 | 37.28% | — |
| Major Depressive Disorder | 46 | 13.61% | — |
| Dysthymia | 15 | 4.44% | — |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder | 22 | 6.51% | — |
| History of Deployment TBI | 170 | 50.30% | — |
| Mild Deployment TBI | 150 | 88.24% | — |
| Moderate Deployment TBI | 20 | 11.76% | — |
| History of Blast Exposure | 244 | 72.19% | — |
| History of Blast TBI | 119 | 48.77% | — |
| Number of Combat Tours Served | 2.69 | 3.28 | 1 – 50 |
| Time Since Last Combat Deployment (Days) | 3627 | 1263 | 447 – 6096 |
| DRRI-2 | 36.48 | 16.56 | 10 – 93 |
| NSI | 26.86 | 17.64 | 0 – 78 |
| PCL-5 | 33.42 | 20.03 | 0 – 78 |
| PHQ-9 | 12.14 | 7.12 | 0 – 30 |
| PROMIS-PI | 19.96 | 9.81 | 8 – 40 |
| PSQI | 11.14 | 4.37 | 1 – 21 |
| Semantic Fluency | 50.47 | 11.09 | 12 – 86 |
| Phonemic Fluency | 47.91 | 10.73 | 26 – 86 |
| TMT-A | 47.39 | 11.35 | 7 – 86 |
| TMT-B | 48.15 | 11.13 | 5 – 81 |
| FSIQ | 99.43 | 13.33 | 65 – 142 |
| VCI | 102.12 | 13.56 | 63 – 150 |
| PRI | 100.10 | 14.68 | 67 – 138 |
| WMI | 97.19 | 13.25 | 66 – 145 |
| PSI | 97.37 | 13.74 | 53 – 137 |
| Fail MSVT | 43 | 12.72% | — |
| Fail b Test | 32 | 9.47% | — |
| Fail any PVT | 69 | 20.41% | — |
| Fail SIMS (> 14 cutoff) | 154 | 45.56% | — |
| Fail SIMS (> 23 cutoff) | 46 | 13.6% | — |
| Fail mBIAS (> 8 cutoff) | 13 | 3.8% | — |
| Fail Validity-10 (> 16 cutoff) | 49 | 14.5% | — |
| Fail any SVT | 73 | 21.60% |
Note.
Categories are not mutually exclusive. Other race/ethnicity category includes Asian, Native American/Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, Other, Not Sure, and Refused. These categories have been collapsed due to a small number of participants in each group. Branch of Service indicates most recent branch of service. Branches of service have been collapsed to include Reserve and Guard units. Coast Guard was not represented in the present sample. PTSD = post-traumatic stress disorder; TBI = traumatic brain injury; DRRI-2 = Deployment Risk and Resiliency Inventory-2, Section D (Combat Experiences), total score; NSI = Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory, total score; PCL-5 = PTSD Checklist-5, total score; PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire-9, total score; PROMIS-PI = Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System-Pain Interference, total score; PSQI = The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, global score; Semantic Fluency = Animal Naming Test, T score; Phonemic Fluency = Controlled Oral Word Association Test, T score; TMT-A = Trail Making Test A, T score; TMT-B = Trail Making Test B, T score; FSIQ = Full Scale Intelligence Quotient, standard score; VCI = Verbal Comprehension Index, standard score; PRI = Perceptual Reasoning Index, standard score; WMI = Working Memory Index, standard score; PSI = Processing Speed Index, standard score; MSVT = Medical Symptom Validity Test; PVT = performance validity test; SIMS = Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology; mBIAS = mild brain injury atypical symptoms scale; Validity-10 = Validity-10 scale embedded within NSI; SVT = symptom validity test.