Outstanding Questions In what other scenarios can enteric helminths benefit host resistance against viral infection or be detrimental? Does the different tissue tropism – beneficial outcome hypothesis apply to viruses that infect mucosal surfaces such as the female reproductive tract (e.g., Herpes simplex virus and Zika virus)? How do enteric helminths affect the pathogenesis of respiratory viruses that disseminate into multiple tissues (e.g., SARS-CoV-2)? Can helminth-virus coinfection studies reveal novel cross-talk between different compartments in the mammalian host such as the intestinal epithelium, enteric nervous system and systemic immunity or unravel fundamental discoveries in the gut-brain or gut-lung axis? How do enteric helminth-mediated alterations in the commensal bacteria mechanistically affect viral infections? Do helminths modulate tonic type I IFN levels that prime antiviral immunity? What do helminth-virus coinfection studies inform us about the ‘hygiene hypothesis’ and can the use of anti-helminth drugs alter host susceptibility to viral vaccines such as SARS-CoV-2 vaccines?