Table 3.

Effects of BBR on oxidant stress and inflammation in animals or cells with diabetes mellitus.

Animal model, cell type	Samples examined	Dosage	Effects	References
ddY mice, STZ 100 mg/kg, single i.p. injection	Liver	200 mg/kg/d p.o. for 2 weeks	↓: GPx; ↑: SOD	[78]
ICR mice, nicotinamide 1000 mg/kg + STZ 100 mg/kg, single i.p. injection	Liver and kidney	100 mg/kg/d, p.o. for 2 weeks	↓: MDA; ↑: SOD	[79]
ICR male mice, STZ 30 mg/kg, single i.p. injection	Serum and islets	5 mg/kg/d, i.p. for 3 weeks	↓: MDA; ↑: SOD	[80]
Male Wistar rats, ATO (arsenic trioxide) 7 mg/kg, p.o.	Mitochondria and hepatocytes	100 mg/kg/d, p.o. for 8 days	↓: ROS	[81]
RAW 264.7 macrophages treated with or without LPS	264.7 macrophages	1–20 μM pretreated for 4 hours before LPS treatment for 20 hours	↓: IL-6, TNF-a	[82]
Male albino Wistar rats, STZ 40 mg/kg, single i.p. injection	Serum and liver	BC 50 mg/kg/d, i.p. for 45 days	↓: TNF-a, COX-2, iNOS; ↑: SOD, GSH, GPx	[83]
RAW 264.7 macrophages treated with LPS	Culture media	BH 10, 20, and 40 μM for 0–48 h.	↓: TNF-a, IL-6, IL-1β	[84]
RAW 264.7 macrophages treated with BBR or LPS ICR mice with or without Nrf2	Culture media Lung	5 μM treated for 24 hours BBR mg/kg and LPS injection 15 mg/kg i.p. for 6 hours	↓: IL-6, COX-2, iNOS, ROS	[85]

↑ = increase or improve; ↓ = decrease or inhibit; BC: berberine chloride.