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. 2021 Aug 30;11:17343. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-96761-2

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Protocatechuic acid attenuates isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy in vivo. (A) Representative images of gross hearts from sham, isoproterenol, and isoproterenol + protocatechuic acid treated mice. (B,C) Heart weight to body weight ratio (HW/BW) and heart weight to tibia length ratio (HW/TL) of the mice described in (A) (n = 8). ***P < 0.001; ^###P < 0.001. (D) Representative B-mode and M-mode echocardiograms are shown. Cardiac hypertrophy was determined by echocardiography after 5 days of isoproterenol administration. (E,F) Left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPWd, mm) and interventricular septum thickness (IVSd, mm) in mice (n = 8). ***P < 0.001; ^##P < 0.01 and ^###P < 0.001. ISO, isoproterenol; PCA, protocatechuic acid. (G) Representative images of H&E (upper panel) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA, lower panel) staining of left ventricle papillary muscle from sham, isoproterenol, and isoproterenol + protocatechuic acid-treated mice. Scale bar = 50 μm. (H) Cross-sectional area quantification of H&E-stained hearts described in (G), n = 161 cells. ***P < 0.001; ^###P < 0.001. (I,J) Total RNA was isolated from the hearts of mice (n = 8). mRNA levels of Nppb (I) and Myh7 (J) were determined by RT-PCR and normalized to Gapdh. ***P < 0.001; ^###P < 0.001. (K,L) Representative Western blot images of BNP and quantification (n = 6); β-actin was used as a loading control. ***P < 0.001; ^###P < 0.001. Data are presented as the mean ± S.E. Statistical analysis: one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc tests. Graphs were prepared using GraphPad 5.0.