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. 2021 Aug 30;11:17329. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-96841-3

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Optimization of 950 nm NIR irradiation conditions for cell viability. (A) Relative cell viability at energy density of 175.68 mJ/cm². Four irradiation conditions were chosen to test a variety of frequencies, duty cycles, and decay times of DL. (B) Relative cell viability with different energy densities. Light with the same frequency and duty cycle, 30 Hz and 30%, was applied with different exposure times. The energy density of the 950 nm NIR irradiation for 100 s was 175.68 mJ/cm². Data are mean ± standard deviation (SD) (n = 10). **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 versus controls. P values were determined with one-way ANOVA.