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. 2021 Aug 30;11:17393. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-96807-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Expression of proteins in EVs. EVs were isolated from rat plasma obtained ‘before’ and ‘after’ self-administered nicotine in the presence of either AV, menthol or combined (NIC: Nicotine, AV: Audiovisual, Men: Menthol). Representative western blots of CD9 (a) and CD63 (b). The ‘before’ represent the plasma EVs obtained before the self-administered nicotine, whereas ‘after’ represent plasma EVs obtained after the self-administered nicotine with menthol and AV cue alone or combined. (c) Densitometry analysis. Plasma EVs obtained ‘before’ self-administered nicotine were considered as 100%. Statistical analyses were carried out by using one-way ANOVA. Results are expressed as means ± S.E.M of n = 4 experiments. **p < 0.01, in comparison with ‘before’ nicotine self-administration.