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. 2021 Aug 30;11:17393. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-96807-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Levels of cytokines and chemokines in rat plasma and EVs. EVs were isolated from rat plasma obtained ‘before’ and ‘after’ self-administered nicotine in the presence of menthol and AV cue (NIC: Nicotine, AV: Audiovisual, Men: Menthol). (a–c) Multiplex ELISA analyses of proinflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, IL-2, TNFα), anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) and chemokines (RANTES and MCP-1) were performed in plasma and EVs obtained ‘before’ and ‘after’ self-administered nicotine in the presence of either AV, menthol or combined (NIC + AV + Men). (d) % of cytokines and chemokines packaging in EVs. Statistical analyses were carried out by using one-way ANOVA. Results are expressed as means ± S.E.M. *p < 0.05 of n = 3–4 experiments, in comparison with plasma/EV obtained ‘before’ self-administered nicotine in respective group.