Figure 2.

Dysregulation in mitochondrial dynamics during cardiac hypertrophy

(A–D) Key features and mitochondrial dynamic alteration observed in normal (A), compensated (B), and decompensated (C) cardiac hypertrophy, and heart failure (D). (A) Under healthy conditions, the mitochondrial fusion and fission in the heart are in equilibrium. (B and C) During compensated cardiac hypertrophy, an increase in mitochondrial fusion is noted (B), while in decompensated cardiac hypertrophy, an increase in mitochondrial fission is noted (C). (D) Cardiac hypertrophy progressing to heart failure, and extensive mitochondrial fission was induced, leading to cardiac dysfunction and eventually heart failure. (E) Overview of the molecular mechanisms regulating mitochondrial dynamics in cardiac hypertrophy.