Table 1.

Functions and mechanisms of mitochondrial fusion and fission modulator proteins

Yeasts	Flies	Rats/mice	Worms	Humans	Location	Mechanism	Ref.
Fusion
fzo1p	Fzo	Mfn1/2 Fzo1b/1a	fzo-1	MFN1/2	OMM	is involved in tethering of OMM	24,64,65
mgm1p	Dmel/ Opa1	Opa1	eat-3	OPA1	IMM	is required for the oligomerization of ATP synthase uniting the IMM	24,64,66
ugo1p	–	–	–	–	OMM	interacts with Fzo1p and Mgm1p	68
msto1	Msto1	Msto1	msto-1	MSTO1	cytosol, OMM	interacts with mitochondrial fusion proteins as a soluble factor at the cytoplasm-mitochondrial outer membrane interface	95,96
gdap1	Gdap1	Gdap1	gdap-1	GDAP1	OMM, cytosol	is essential for maintenance of the mitochondrial network in a Drp1-dependent manner	104,105
–	–	Romo1	–	ROMO1	IMM	is essential for OPA1 oligomerization	97
Pld	–	mitoPLD/ Pld6	–	mitoPLD	MM	converts cardiolipin into PA, which interacts with Opa1 and Mfn	71, 72, 73
–	PAPLA1	PA-PLA1	–	PA-PLA1	MM	hydrolyzes PA, which can interact with Mfn1 and counteract with mitoPLD and Drp1	71,73, 74, 75
CL	–	Crl	–	CL	MM	interacts with Opa1 to induce mitochondrial fusion; can also interact with Drp1 to promote fission	71,75,76
Fission
Dmn1p	Drp1	Dnm1l/ Drp1	drp-1	DMN1L/ DRP1	cytosol, OMM	is the major component of the fission complex	83, 84, 85, 86,89
Fis1p	Fis1	Fis1	fis-1/2	hFIS1	OMM	binds with Mdv1p to form the Fis-Mdv1p complex	57,78,79,83,84
Mdv1p	–	–	–	–	OMM, cytosol	possesses an N-terminal Fis1-binding site and a Dmn1 interaction domain	57,79,264
Caf4p	–	–	–	–	OMM, cytosol	can directly bind to Fis1 and Caf4 to from a fission complex with Dnm1 and Fis1	57,79
Num1p	–	–	num-1	–	MECA	interacts with Drp1 and Mdm36p	80
Mdm36p	–	–	–	–	MM	regulates Num1p and Dnm1p interaction	81
Mdm33p	–	–	–	–	IMM	contributes as a component of the mitochondrial fission complex	82
–	–	Mff	mff-1/2	MFF	OMM, peroxisome (in CE)	serves as a Drp1 adaptor	85,86,88
dnm2	Dyn2	Dnm2	Dnm-2	DNM2	centrosome, microtubules, MM	catalyzes membrane fission during clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME)	90, 91, 92
MiD49	–	Mief2	–	MIEF2	OMM	serves as a Drp1 receptor to promote the association of Drp1 to Fis1 and Mff	84,88,89
MiD51	–	Mief1	–	MIEF1	OMM	functions similar to MiD49	84,88,89
–	March5	March5/Marchf5/Mitol	–	MARCH5/MITOL	OMM, ER	ubiquitinates Fis1, Dmn1L, and Mfn1/2	101,102,265,266
–	mtp-18_1	Mtfp1/ Mtp18	mtp-18	MTFP1/MTP18	IMM	regulates mitochondrial fission by interacting with Drp1	99,148,165,267
Inf2	Inf-2	Inf2	Inf-2	INF2	cytoplasm	mediates actin polymerization at ER-mitochondria intersections	103
–	dSLC25A46	Slc25a46	slc25a46	SLC25A46	OMM	is involved in cristae maintenance and promotes fission	106

OMM, outer mitochondrial membrane; IMM, inner mitochondrial membrane; MM, mitochondrial membrane.