Table 3.
Volatile chemical compounds tested in Maillard reaction products generated by disparate sugars.
| Compounds | RI | Amouts (ng/g) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| R-MRPs | X-MRPs | G-MRPs | F-MRPs | ||
| Furans | 2238.7 ± 67.9b | 2374.1 ± 96.2b | 1788.4 ± 60.8c | 2512.2 ± 47.9a | |
| 2-methyl-furan | —— | ND | 134.7 ± 23.0 | 33.3 ± 18.4 | ND |
| 3-methyl-furan | —— | 90.6 ± 14.1 | 70.4 ± 17.2 | ND | ND |
| 2-ethyl-furan | 738 | ND | ND | 88.6 ± 8.6 | 68.4 ± 18.2 |
| Furfural | 833 | 1341.2 ± 94.8 | 1212.6 ± 151.8 | ND | ND |
| 2-acetyl furan | 928 | ND | ND | 618.7 ± 85.8 | 1034.3 ± 10.2 |
| 2-pentyl-furan | 1014 | 126.3 ± 19.8b | 134.5 ± 27.5b | 223.7 ± 35.6a | 209.3 ± 47.3a |
| trans-2-(2-Pentenyl) furan | 1021 | ND | 85.3 ± 9.4 | ND | 90.5 ± 12.5 |
| (E)-2-(1-pentenyl)-furan | 1074 | 98.8 ± 16.3 | ND | 78.7 ± 6.8 | ND |
| 4,7-dimethyl-Benzofuran | 1233 | 295.1 ± 17.2d | 472.7 ± 60.5b | 500.2 ± 53.4a | 377.6 ± 21.8c |
| (E)-2,2′-(1,2-ethenediyl) bis-furan | 1339 | 161.9 ± 1.5 | 128.2 ± 2.9 | ND | ND |
| 2(3H)-Furanone, dihydro-5-methyl-5-phenyl- | 1378 | 124.8 ± 12.7c | 135.7 ± 14.8c | 245.2 ± 26.3b | 732.1 ± 37.3a |
| Thiophenes | 894.1 ± 21.7d | 1274.8 ± 76.8c | 3299.6 ± 97.1a | 2363.3 ± 55.3b | |
| 3-methyl-thiophene | 804 | 21.2 ± 3.2c | 28.5 ± 4.5b | 23.7 ± 2.5c | 34.7 ± 9.2a |
| Thiophene, 2-ethyl- | 889 | ND | ND | 103.2 ± 17.3 | 85.6 ± 13.7 |
| Thiophene, 2,3-dimethyl- | 893 | ND | ND | 3. 7 ± 1.6 | ND |
| Thiophene, 2,5-dimethyl- | 895 | ND | ND | ND | 405.6 ± 23.6 |
| 2-Thiophenecarboxaldehyde | 1013 | 19.5 ± 2.9d | 112.8 ± 14.1c | 236.6 ± 24.7b | 312.8 ± 21.8a |
| Ethanone, 1-(3-thienyl)- | 1102 | ND | ND | 58.2 ± 11.4 | 118.5 ± 22.1 |
| 3-Methyl-2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde | 1134 | 490.1 ± 32.9c | 613.9 ± 61.8b | 1543.7 ± 147.2a | 647.3 ± 64.9b |
| Thiophene,2-(1,1-dimethylethoxy)-5-methyl_ | 1308 | 327.7 ± 42.5d | 519.6 ± 62.4c | 1392.4 ± 106.8a | 758.8 ± 83.9b |
| 5-Methylthiophen-3-ylamine | 1590 | 35.6 ± 9.5 | ND | ND | ND |
| Thiazoles | ND | 28.1 ± 6.2 | ND | ND | |
| 4(5H)-Thiazolone, 2-imino- | 984 | ND | 28.1 ± 5.4 | ND | ND |
| Thiols | 1712.2 ± 142.3b | 3497.4 ± 78.5a | 91.6 ± 20.4c | 41.6 ± 6.9d | |
| 2-Pentanethiol | 809 | ND | ND | 56.1 ± 5.4 | ND |
| 2-Methyl-3-furanthiol | 895 | 221.6 ± 15.3 | 121.2 ± 9.3 | ND | ND |
| 2-methyl-3-Pentanethiol | 906 | 42.3 ± 3.1b | 59.6 ± 9.5a | 22.6 ± 3.1c | 26.7 ± 2.5c |
| 2-Furfurylthiol | 921 | 1418.9 ± 27.4 | 3295.5 ± 34.9 | ND | ND |
| 2-Thiophenemethanethiol | 1074 | 29.4 ± 7.3a | 21.1 ± 4.3b | 12.9 ± 2.1c | 14.9 ± 5.1c |
| Sulfur substituted furans | 478.4 ± 27.3b | 676.9 ± 45.1a | 34,0.5 ± 5.9d | 171.3 ± 11.2c | |
| Furfuryl sulfide | 1452 | 185.3 ± 13.7a | 131.6 ± 19.1b | 34.5 ± 2.9c | 27.4 ± 3.2c |
| 2-[(methyldithio)methyl]-Furan | 1567 | 86.6 ± 7.1 | 197.9 ± 14.6 | ND | ND |
| Bis(2-furfuryl) disulfide | 1699 | 206.5 ± 17.8b | 347.4 ± 27.5a | ND | 143.9 ± 14.8c |
| Aliphatic sulfur compounds | |||||
| Diisopropyl sulfide | 912 | 21.2 ± 1.4b | 44.7 ± 3.9a | 15.2 ± 4.2c | 13.6 ± 3.2c |
| Nitrogen containing compounds | |||||
| Pyrazines | 473.4 ± 27.4a | 362.8 ± 13.2b | 258.2 ± 23.1c | 67.1 ± 11.3d | |
| 2-methyl pyrazine | 842 | 47.6 ± 3.6b | 42.9 ± 7.3c | 56.7 ± 6.4a | 47.8 ± 6.8b |
| Pyrazine,2-ethyl-3,5-dimethyl- | 937 | 425.8 ± 47.3a | 319.9 ± 24.5b | 201.5 ± 34.4c | 19.3 ± 4.3d |
| Pyridines and pyrimidines | 214.7 ± 21.2a | 211.8 ± 25.3a | 65.7 ± 18.2c | 83.7 ± 17.3b | |
| 4-Hydroxypyridine | 969 | ND | ND | 65.6 ± 10.5 | 83.3 ± 15.4 |
| 2,5-dimethoxy-pyrimidine | 1213 | 214.7 ± 10.3 | 211.4 ± 38.2 | ND | ND |
| Oxygen containing compounds | |||||
| Ketones | 521.9 ± 77.2d | 579.3 ± 36.7c | 703.3 ± 135.5b | 754.1 ± 49.3a | |
| Acetone | 797 | 14.6 ± 47.4d | 16.9 ± 6.4c | 21.4 ± 3.9b | 27.7 ± 4.1a |
| 2-Butanone | 875 | 47.4 ± 10.2d | 58.5 ± 14.8c | 74.1 ± 13.6a | 67.4 ± 12.9b |
| 2-Pentanone | 967 | 38.3 ± 5.9b | 45.9 ± 10.2a | 12.7 ± 3.8c | 16.4 ± 2.9c |
| 2-Heptanone | 911 | 27.4 ± 6.3c | 36.1 ± 6.4c | 289.5 ± 43.7b | 341.2 ± 62.2a |
| 4-Methoxy-2(1H)-quinolone | 1017 | 24.5 ± 5.4c | 32.2 ± 6.7c | 127.9 ± 24.7a | 91.2 ± 18.4b |
| 4-Hydroxy-2-methylacetophenone | 1292 | ND | ND | 62.5 ± 10.3 | 73.4 ± 13.5 |
| 4-Hydroxy-3-methylacetophenone | 1292 | 111.7 ± 23.6 | 105.9 ± 21.9 | ND | ND |
| Ethanone,1-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)- | 1292 | 72.2 ± 13.7 | 115.7 ± 34.7 | ND | ND |
| Ethanone,1-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)- | 1351 | 11.6 ± 3.4c | 15.7 ± 2.5b | ND | 24.8 ± 4.6a |
| 2(3H)-Furanone, dihydro-5-methyl-5-phenyl- | 1438 | 174.2 ± 37.1a | 152.4 ± 29.7b | 91.4 ± 10.4d | 112 ± 15.2c |
| Ethanone,1-(2-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)- | 1457 | ND | ND | 23.8 ± 3.0 | ND |
| Alcohols | 969.2 ± 146.2d | 1063.7 ± 208.7c | 1320.8 ± 241.6b | 1456.8 ± 317.8a | |
| .alpha-Terpineol | 637 | 15.5 ± 3.2d | 208.9 ± 29.5b | 173.2 ± 30.2c | 204.6 ± 38.8a |
| 1-Butanol | 705 | 39.5 ± 15.3b | 34.2 ± 6.2c | 46.1 ± 9.5a | 42.5 ± 7.3a |
| Eucalyptol | 1051 | 116.7 ± 19.4c | 113.8 ± 20.5c | 282.2 ± 14.3b | 318.6 ± 45.9a |
| 1-Octanol | 1091 | 14.4 ± 3.8c | 11.5 ± 3.9c | 103.5 ± 19.5b | 183.4 ± 28.5a |
| (2,4,6-Trimethylcyclohexyl) methanol | 1156 | 107.2 ± 17.4c | 128.6 ± 20.1b | 92.1 ± 18.5c | 174.8 ± 30.2a |
| 4-(1-methylethenyl)-1-cyclohexene-1-methanol | 1372 | 491.4 ± 95.3a | 395.1 ± 63.1b | 371.8 ± 78.4b | 349.5 ± 10.4c |
| 3,7-dimethyl-1, 6-octadien-3-ol | 1438 | 184.5 ± 4.5b | 171.6 ± 12.5c | 251.9 ± 11.9a | 183.4 ± 19.4b |
| Esters | 47.5 ± 4.4c | 63.1 ± 3.6b | 67.7 ± 11.4b | 75.9 ± 14.8a | |
| Ethanethioic acid,S-(2-furanylmethyl) ester | 1422 | 47.5 ± 7.4 | 63.1 ± 11.7 | ND | ND |
| i-Propyl tricosanoate | 1692 | ND | ND | 19.2 ± 5.9 | 23.6 ± 4.9 |
| Methyl salicylate | 1210 | ND | ND | 48.5 ± 7.3 | 52.3 ± 9.3 |
| Aldehydes | 964.5 ± 132.5b | 1012.3 ± 203.4a | 690.2 ± 121.4c | 582.7 ± 105.5d | |
| Benzaldehyde | 975 | 609.9 ± 81.7b | 656.9 ± 66.2a | 415.9 ± 78.4c | 349.4 ± 46.3d |
| Nonanal | 1121 | 43.7 ± 6.74b | 58.3 ± 9.46a | 28.2 ± 5.8c | 31.6 ± 5.9c |
| Decanal | 1222 | 54.2 ± 12.4a | 26.7 ± 4.8c | 31.6 ± 9.6b | ND |
| Benzene,2,4-pentadiynyl- | 1254 | 127.7 ± 21.7a | 92.8 ± 12.4b | ND | 13.9 ± 7.8c |
| Benzaldehyde, 4-ethoxy- | 1249 | ND | ND | 21.3 ± 4.8 | 25.7 ± 5.8 |
| Benzaldehyde, 4-methoxy- | 1267 | 16.9 ± 4.8c | 9.5 ± 3.7d | 31.6 ± 7.3a | 28.2 ± 5.3b |
| Cinnamaldehyde, (E)- | 1282 | 43.7 ± 7.4c | 28.6 ± 4.9d | 62.2 ± 11.5a | 54.6 ± 11.3b |
| 2-Propenal, 3-phenyl- | 1284 | 56.1 ± 7.4a | 46.4 ± 9.4b | 15.8 ± 4.3c | 17.9 ± 4.7c |
| Hexadecanal,2-methyl- | 1905 | 12.3 ± 1.1d | 93.1 ± 7.5a | 83.6 ± 5.3b | 61.4 ± 1.8c |
| Carboxylic acids | |||||
| Benzoic acid | 1198 | 95.7 ± 14.5b | 92.9 ± 18.4b | 159.6 ± 29.4a | 42.8 ± 6.9c |
Note: ND indicated not detected; Means within different letters were significantly (p < 0.05) different on the same line.