Prevalence of epistatic secondary substitutions in DAA-naïveand DAA-experienced patients harboring NS3-Q80K. Comparison of mutant patterns in patients with genotype 1a HCV infection harboring NS3-Q80K between the European HCV database (24), euHCVdb (DAA naïve, n = 100), and DAA-experienced patients harboring NS3-Q80K from the Frankfurt Resistance Database (upon DAA failure, n = 41). Data shown represent percentages (%) of patients from which the respective variants were isolated as major variants before DAA treatment or upon treatment failure. DAA, direct-acting antiviral; HCV, hepatitis C virus.