FIGURE 3:

Circulating levels of cytokines and growth factors before and after BS. Levels of (A) the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-1ra, IL-6, TNF-α and MCP-1 and (B) the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10, as well as levels of VEGF and the isoforms 1 and 2 of the TGF-β, TGF-β1 and TGF-β2, were analysed in the patients serum before and 12 months after BS. Data are shown as mean ± SD (n = 10–11) and statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t‐test for paired samples or Wilcoxon matched-pairs test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.