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. 2021 Aug 10;12(4):e01707-21. doi: 10.1128/mBio.01707-21

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Copyright © 2021 Zhu et al.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.

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FIG 1 — (A) Biosynthesis of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) and recognition of OMV-associated pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Arrows indicate specific ligand-receptor interactions between PAMPs and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) or NOD-like receptors (NLRs). IM, inner membrane; PG, peptidoglycan; OM, outer membrane; LPS, lipopolysaccharide. (B) Schematic representation of pathways by which OMVs can contribute to reducing the insurgence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). (C) Schematic representation of OMV-associated antigens processing and presentation to T cells. APCs, antigen-presenting cells; PRRs, pattern recognition receptors; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; TCR, T-cell receptor; CD, cluster of differentiation. Created with BioRender.com.