TABLE 1.

OMV-associated PAMPs contributing to innate immune response in various cell types

Content	Species	Cell model	Relevant result(s)	Reference
LPS	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Mouse macrophages	Both LPS and protein components on OMVs from Pseudomonas aeruginosa were responsible for eliciting innate immune response	32
	Neisseria meningitidis	Human monomacrophages, human dendritic cells	Neisseria meningitidis OMVs with less LPS or less toxic LPS induced weaker cytokine response	85
	Escherichia coli	Human macrophages	LPS-neutralized OMVs induced weaker inflammatory response	113
OMPs	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Mouse macrophages	Both LPS and protein components on OMVs from Pseudomonas aeruginosa were responsible for eliciting innate immune response	32
	Acinetobacter baumannii	Human laryngeal epithelial cells	Surface-exposed membrane proteins in Acinetobacter baumannii OMVs induced proinflamatory cytokine response	114
Flagellin	Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli	Human intestinal epithelial cells	H7 flagellin was the key IL-8-inducing component of EHEC O157:H7 OMVs	115
	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Rat renal epithelial cells	Both LPS and protein components on OMVs from Pseudomonas aeruginosa are responsible for eliciting innate immune response	32
Peptidoglycan	Helicobacter pylori, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Neisseria gonorrhoeae	Human epithelial cells	Bacterial OMVs delivered peptidoglycan to cytosolic NOD-1 and activated NF-kB pathway	116
	Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans	Human gingival fibroblasts	Internalized OMVs from Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans delivered peptidoglycan to NOD-2 receptors	37
CpG DNA	Moraxella catarrhalis	Human tonsillar B cells	DNA associated with OMV induced full B cell activation by signaling through TLR9	117