TABLE 2.

Comparison of methods for isolating OMVs

Method	Advantage	Disadvantage	Reference(s)
Differential centrifugation	Low technical requirements; ease of execution	Laborious, low purity, generally needs to be combined with density gradient centrifugation for further purification	118
Size-exclusion chromatography	Rapid isolation process; high purity	High cost; unsuitable for large-scale production	94
Hydrostatic filtration dialysis	Low cost; suitable for large scale production	Limited data on purity of the isolated OMVs	95, 98
Affinity purification	Fast; specific isolation of targeted OMV populations	Only available for OMVs carrying exposed tags; low recovery rate	99