B. fragilis strain NCTC9343 (BfN) secretes antimicrobial protein(s) to target susceptible B. fragilis strains independent of the type VI secretion system. (A). Input and output CFU of target strains after surface cocultivation with the indicated BfN producer strains. Error bars indicate standard deviations (SD) (n = 2; representative of three independent experiments). Strain designations: Bt, B. thetaiotaomicron; BfR, B. fragilis strain 638R; BfH610, B. fragilis strain HMW610; BfH615, B. fragilis strain HMW615. Parental strains carry deletions in tssC which disable the type VI secretion system (T6SS). (B and C). BfN culture supernatants contain antimicrobial activity. CFU of two target strains after exposure to culture supernatant from the BfN parental strain or minimal medium with different treatments are reported. Error bars indicate SD (n = 2; representative of three independent experiments). *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; n.s., not significant.