FIG 1.

The bacterial communities in Dictyopharidae planthoppers. (A) The diversity and relative abundance of bacteria in replicate specimens from seven experimental species. Insect phylogeny (Maximum Likelihood [ML]) is based on concatenated marker gene sequences (COI, CytB, 18S rRNA, and 28S rRNA); bootstrap values are shown above the nodes. The bacterial tree is based on representative sequences of the 16S rRNA V4 region for different OTUs. (B and C) ML phylogenies for Sulcia and Vidania symbionts from seven experimental species, based on full-length 16S rRNA sequences. (D) Three of many possible scenarios of Sodalis/Arsenophonus acquisition and replacement during Dictyopharidae diversification.