Table 1.
Demographic, clinical, and biochemical data between comprehensive care and standard care
| Parameters | Total (n = 98) | Comprehensive care (n = 49) | Standard care (n = 49) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender (Male), n (%) | 53 (54.1%) | 27 (55.1%) | 26 (53.1%) | 0.84 |
| Age, mean (SD) | 65.5 (15.9) | 69.7 (13.8) | 61.4 (16.9) | 0.009 |
| Underlying disease | ||||
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 55 (56.1%) | 29 (59.2%) | 26 (53.1%) | 0.54 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 70 (71.4%) | 35 (71.4%) | 35 (71.4%) | 1.00 |
| CKD, n (%) | 45 (45.9%) | 22 (44.9%) | 23 (46.9%) | 0.84 |
| Liver disease, n (%) | 14 (14.3%) | 6 (12.2%) | 8 (16.3%) | 0.56 |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 26 (26.5%) | 11 (22.4%) | 15 (30.6%) | 0.36 |
| Congestive heart failure, n (%) | 32 (32.7%) | 13 (26.5%) | 19 (38.8%) | 0.20 |
| Cerebrovascular disease, n (%) | 14 (14.3) | 10 (20.4%) | 4 (8.2%) | 0.08 |
| Malignancy, n (%) | 19 (19.4%) | 10 (20.4%) | 9 (18.4%) | 0.80 |
| AKI staging: | 0.51 | |||
| Stage 2 AKI | 6 (12.2%) | 4 (8.2%) | 6 (12.2%) | |
| Stage 3 AKI | 43 (87.8%) | 45 (91.8%) | 43 (87.8%) | |
| Cause of AKI: | 0.57 | |||
| Renal hypoperfusion | 18 (18.4%) | 8 (16.3%) | 10 (20.4%) | |
| Sepsis | 27 (27.6%) | 15 (30.6%) | 12 (24.5%) | |
| Nephrotoxic | 11 (11.2%) | 6 (12.2%) | 5(10.2%) | |
| Cardio renal syndrome | 25 (25.5%) | 9 (18.4%) | 16(32.7%) | |
| Obstructive uropathy | 4 (4.1%) | 2(4.1%) | 2(4.1%) | |
| Systemic disease | 8 (8.2%) | 6(12.2%) | 2(4.1%) | |
| Other | 5 (5.1%) | 3(6.1%) | 2(4.1%) | |
| RRT during admission, n (%) | 70 (71.4%) | 33 (67.3%) | 37 (75.5%) | 0.37 |
| Baseline serum creatinine (mg/dL), median (IQR)c | 1.25 (0.88, 2.31) | 1.31 (0.89, 2.42) | 1.25 (0.80, 2.18) | 0.62 |
|
Baseline GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2), median (IQR)a |
51.50 (22.39, 87.32) | 48.61 (19.86, 82.11) | 52.90 (29.18, 87.97) | 0.46 |
|
Discharge creatinine (mg/dL), median (IQR) |
1.87 (1.26, 3.31) | 1.53 (1.04, 2.93) | 1.71 (1.29, 2.49) | 0.66 |
| Discharge GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2), median (IQR)a | 30.80 (17.45, 52.83) | 42.14 (18.73, 71.90) | 32.06 (21.57, 56.70) | 0.84 |
| Baseline urine NGAL at enrollment (ng/mL) median (IQR) | 472.85 (193.50, 1686.75) | 472.85 (175.68,1481.25) | 631.50 (188.50,1874.25) | 0.92 |
| Hospital length of stay (d), median (IQR) | 16 (11, 31) | 15 (11.25,30) | 16 (11,34) | 0.84 |
| ICU admission, n (%) | 75 (76.5%) | 36 (73.5%) | 39 (79.6%) | 0.48 |
| ICU length of stay (d), median (IQR) | 8 (5,13) | 9.5 (5.75,13.5) | 8 (4.75,13.25) | 0.28 |
| RRT dependence at discharge date, n (%) | 16 (16.33%) | 8 (16.3%) | 8 (16.3%) | 1.00 |
|
Renal recovery at discharge date, n (%)b |
71 (72.45%) | 33 (67.3%) | 38 (77.6%) | 0.37 |
Significant values are shown in bold type, Data are shown as median (IQR) or mean (SD)
AKI, acute kidney injury; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; ICU, intensive care unit; IQR, interquartile range; NGAL, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; RRT, renal replacement therapy; SD, standard deviation
aEstimated GFR was calculated by the CKD-EPI creatinine Eq. (2009)
bRenal recovery was defined as the serum creatinine level had returned to baseline or < 1.5 times from baseline and not ongoing need for RRT or currently receiving RRT
cBaseline serum creatinine was missing for 5 patients (2 in comprehensive care and 3 in standard care)