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. 2021 Aug 12;11:723137. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2021.723137

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Copyright © 2021 Xie, Pei, Li, Wan and Ye

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Roles of E2Fs in cancer stem cell (CSC) biological characteristics. Tumor cells are heterogeneous, including immortal cancer stem cells. CSCs usually express high levels of E2F transcription factors and are characterized by (A) enhanced proliferation or induction of apoptosis, (B) acquisition and maintenance of self‐renewal capability, (C) enhanced invasion and metastasis potential, (D) regulation of drug or radiation resistance. CAPE, caffeic acid phenethyl ester; ID1, inhibitor of differentiation 1; NAD⁺, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; CTCs, circulating tumor cells; NAMPT, nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase.