TABLE 2.

Most representative examples of organic material nanosystems containing AMPs.

AMP	Sequence of AMPs	Combined ways	Combined materials	Antimicrobial activity	Tested microorganisms	Special functions	References
Aurein 2.2	GLFDIVKK VVGALC	Conjugation	Hyperbranched polyglycerol	MIC: 110 and 120 μg/ml.	S. aureus and S. epidermidis	−	Kumar et al., 2015
K4	KKKKPLF GLFFGLF	Conjugation	PLGA	K4 with concentration of 100 μg/ml inhibits the bacterial growth by 40% and 30%, respectively.	S. aureus and P. aeruginosa	Has the function of drug sustained release	Vijayan et al., 2019
HHC10	H-KRWWK WIRW-NH2	Conjugation	PEG	−	S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and E. coli.	Improves stability in human serum	Cleophas et al., 2014
KLAK	CGGGKLAK LAKKLAKLAK	Conjugation	Chitosen-PEG	−	S. aureus	Delays the AMP release, targeted gelatinase-positive bacterial species	Qi et al., 2017
OH30	KFFKKLKN SVKKRAK KFFKKPRV IGVSIPF	Encapsulation	Carboxymethyl chitosan	The OH30 and CMCS at proportion by weight 1:2, which kills the bacteria growth nearly 100% within 24 h	E. coli.	Has the function of drug sustained release, enhances cell migration and promotes wound healing, induces IL10 expression	Sun T. et al., 2018
17BIPHE2	−	Encapsulation	Pluronic F127/PCL Poly (εcaprolactone)	The bacteria colonies of four strains was reduced with 3.2, 3.6, 3.8, and 3.6-log, respectively, after incubation with 17BIPHE2 for 2 h.	MRSA, K. pneumoniae, A. baumannii, and P. aeruginosa	Has the function of drug sustained release, has no cytotoxicity to skin cells and monocytes, could eliminate the bacterial biofilms	Su et al., 2019
SET-M33	(KKIRV RLSA)4K2 KβA-OH	Encapsulation	Dextran	MIC: 16 μg/ml	P. aeruginosa	Improves the residence time and keeps the concentration of AMPs in the lungs, reduces toxicity toward macrophages and epithelial cells	Falciani et al., 2020
Nisin	ITSISLCT PGCKTGA LMGCNMKTA TCHCSIHVSK	Encapsulation	[Poly (l-lactide)-graft-chond roitin sulfate (PLLA-g-CS) copolymers]	Average inhibition zones (mm) = 16–17.6	S. aureus and E. coli	Has the function of drug sustained release. No cytotoxicity to human dermis fibroblast cells	Ghaeini-Hesaroeiye et al., 2020
S32	PAMAM-(LV)32	Conjugation	Poly(amido amine) dendrimers (PAMAM)	MIC: 0.04–0.21 μM/ml	E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae	Improves the stability in serum and divalent cations at physiological concentrations	Lam et al., 2016
DJK-5	D(VQWRA IRVRVIR)	Encapsulation	Hyaluronic acid	−	P. aeruginosa	Reduces the cytotoxicity of epithelial tissue	Kłodzińska et al., 2019
RBRBR	RBRBR (B is l-4-phenyl-phenylalanine)	Encapsulation	Chitosan	Log CFU/ml of S. aureus treated with 5 mg/ml was 2.72–4.7	S. aureus, MRSA	Has the capacity of controlled drug release, reduces toxicity of human red blood cells, and eliminates biofilm	Almaaytah et al., 2017
Peptide + 2/peptide + 5	GLKEI FKAGLGSL VKGIAAHVAS/GLKRIFKS GLGKLVK GISAHVAS	Encapsulation	Liposomes coated with Eudragit E-100	MICpeptide+2: 1.25 μM/ml MICpeptide+5: 5 μM/ml	E. coli and L. monocytogenes	Enhances the antimicrobial activities of peptide + 2 and peptide + 5.	Cantor et al., 2019
DPK-060	GKHKNKGKKN GKHNGWKWWW	Encapsulation	LNCs, ML-LNCs, and cubosomes in poloxamer gel	MMC (minimum microbicidal concentration): 1.2–2.4 μg/ml	S. aureus	−	Håkansson et al., 2019
AP114	GFGCNGP WNEDDLR CHNHCKSIK GYKGGYCAKG GFVCKCY	Encapsulation	Cubic glycerol monooleate/water and hexagonal glycerol monooleate/oleic acid/water	MIC: 4–8 μg/ml	S. aureus and MRSA	Has the capacity of controlled drug release	Boge et al., 2016
MccJ25	GGAGHVPE YFVGIGTPISFYG	Encapsulation	Double-coated (pectin/WPI) liposomes	−	−	Has the capacity of controlled drug release, improves its stability in gastrointestinal digestion	Gomaa et al., 2017
HD5-myr	ATCYCRTGRCA TRESLSGVCE ISGRLYRLCCR-myr	Conjugation	N-terminal with alkyl tail	MBC: 6.25–12.5 μg/ml	MRSA, E. coli, A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumoniae	Has broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, reduces cytotoxicity	Lei et al., 2018
WMR2PA	WGIRRILK YGKRSAAAA AAK(C19)	Conjugation	C-terminal with alkyl tail	WMR2PA with concentration of 50 μM/ml has 40% and 70% inhibition rates against P. aeruginosa, C. albicans, respectively	P. aeruginosa, C. albicans	Eliminates bacterial biofilm, improves protease stability	Lombardi et al., 2019b
K9	(C16)WILAAGGG KKKKKKKKK-TAT	Conjugation	N-terminal with alkyl tail	MIC: 27–40 μM/ml	E. coli, S. aureus, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa, and MRSA	Has broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, penetrates the blood–brain-barrier to inhibit bacterial infection	He et al., 2018
	(C16)YEALRVA NEVTLN	Conjugation	Alkyl tail	−	−	Has the function of drug sustained release	Castelletto et al., 2017
LyeTxI	IWLTALKFLGK NLGKHLA LKQQLAKL	Encapsulation	β-CD	MIC: 7.81–15.62 μg/ml	Periodontopathic bacteria	Eliminates bacterial biofilm and prevents bacterial biofilm development	Cruz Olivo et al., 2017
Alamethicin	−	Encapsulation	γ-CD	MIC: 4.1563 mg/ml	L. monocytogenes	Increases alamethicin solubility and biocompatibility, has been applied for controlled release delivery of AMPs	Zhang et al., 2018
AMPs L12	LKKLLK KLLKKL	Conjunction	Polyanionic DNA	MBC: 8 μM/ml	E. coli, S. aureus, and MRSA	Has been applied for controlled release delivery of AMPs, has anti-inflammatory action, has cell selectivity for human dermal fibroblasts and HaCaT cells	Obuobi et al., 2019