TABLE 3.

Most representative examples of self-assembled AMPs.

AMP	Sequence	Self-assembling	Antimicrobial activity	Tested microorganisms	Special functions	References
Diphenylalanine peptide	FF	Aromatic stacking	MIC: 125 μg/ml	E. coli	It is the smallest model for antibacterial supramolecular polymers	Schnaider et al., 2017
Fmoc-peptide gelator	Fmoc-FF-Py +	Aromatic stacking	MIC: 10 μg/ml	S. aureus	−	Debnath et al., 2010
Fmoc-peptide gelators	NapFFKK	Aromatic stacking	−	E. coli and S. epidermidis	Reduces the viable S. epidermidis biofilm by 94%	Laverty et al., 2014
Tripeptide	DLFF	Aromatic stacking	−	E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and S. aureus	Shows the antibiotic delivery capacity, has a mild antimicrobial activity against the Gram-negative strains	Marchesan et al., 2013
HHC-10	KRWWKWIRW-NH2	Aromatic stacking	MIC: 8 μM/ml	S. aureus	Causes aggregation of bacteria at higher concentrations	Bagheri et al., 2020
A9K	AAAAAAAAAK	Hydrophobic forces	A9K with concentration of 0.1 mg/ml inhibits the bacterial growth after an incubation of 1 h (survival rate < 20%)	E. coli and S. aureus	−	Chen C. et al., 2010
RA9R	RAAAAAAAAAR	Hydrophobic forces	The concentration to 0.1 wt% RA9R reduces the CFU with 2.6, 3.4, and 4.0 orders of magnitude for microbes tested, respectively, after 24 h incubation	S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and P. syringae	−	Edwards-Gayle et al., 2019
RADA16-Tet213	RADARADARA DARADA-KRWWKWWRRC	Electrostatic interactions and hydrophobic forces	RADA16-Tet213 with concentration of 1 mg/ml eliminates the bacterial cells after 12 h incubation (OD600 < 0.3)	S. aureus	Has been applied for controlled release delivery of AMPs, promotes the proliferation of bone mesenchymal stem cells	Yang et al., 2018
KLD-3R	RRRKLDL KLDLKLDL	Electrostatic interactions and hydrophobic forces	MIC: 5—6 μM/ml	E. coli, S. aureus, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa	Improves osteogenic property and enhances bone regeneration in vivo in a fracture model.	Tripathi et al., 2015
K3W (QL)6K2	KKKWQLQLQ LQLQLQLKK	Intermolecular hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic forces	MIC: 5—20 μM/ml	E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and S. epidermidis	Reduces the cytotoxicity on mouse bone marrow-derived monocytes, improves the stability in trypsin and chymotrypsin solutions	Lam et al., 2016
Octapeptide	IKFQFHFD	Intermolecular hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions,	MIC: 3 mg/ml at pH 5.5	S. aureus	Shows the multiple drug	Wang et al., 2019a
		hydrophobic forces, and aromatic stacking			delivery capacity, exhibits acidic pH-switchable broad-spectrum antimicrobial effect via a mechanism involving cell wall and membrane disruption
P11-28/29	QQRFEWEFEQQ-NH2//OQOFO WOFOQO-NH2	Intermolecular hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, and aromatic stacking	P11-28/29 with concentration of 10 mg/ml inhibits the bacterial growth after an incubation of 48 h (bacterial growth < 50%)	P. gingivalis, S. sanguinis	Shows the antibiotic delivery capacity, enables to strengthen the osteogenic differentiation of human dental follicle stem cells	Koch et al., 2019
Human α-defensin 6 (H25W)	AFTCHCRRS CYSTEYSYGTCT VMGINWRFCCL	−	MIC: 32 μg/ml	Bifidobacterium adolescentis	Entraps microbes and prevent invasive gastrointestinal pathogens such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes from entering host cells	Chu et al., 2012; Schroeder et al., 2015