Table 2.

Description of inductions in included studies

Induction	Description
Autobiographical Recall	Participants are instructed to write in detail about an experience that made them feel a specified affective state. Such inductions often involve instructing participants to list 3-5 events that made them feel most emotional before choosing one about which to write.
Imagination	Participants are asked to vividly imagine themselves in affectively evocative situations, sometimes using guided imagery.
Fabricated situations	Participants are exposed to a fabricated situation to induce affect, such as being placed in a situation where they interact with an anger-inducing confederate (i.e., an actor).
Music	A piece of music designed to elicit the target affective state is played.
Picture	Previously validated (and often taken from standard databases (e.g., International Affective Pictures System) (Bradley & Lang, 2007) are presented.
Priming	Words and/ or pictures associated with an affective state are presented as supraliminal stimuli.
Reading	Participants are presented with, and asked to read to themselves, paragraphs of text with affectively laden content, such as newspaper articles, jokes, or portions of textbooks.
Trier Social Stress Test (presentation)	Participants are told that they will develop and give a presentation in an evaluative social situation.
Trier Social Stress Test (mathematics)	Participants are given difficult or impossible mathematical or reasoning tasks and provided negative social feedback as they attempt to solve the problems.
Velten	Participants are instructed to put themselves into a target mood state and to subsequently read a series of self-referent statements.
Film	Film clips, usually excerpted from a feature length film and often selected from a validated set of clips, are presented.