Table 4.
Impact of Negative Affect on Appetitive Risk Cognitions and Behavior
| k | d | 95% CI | p | Q | p (Q) | I2 | Tau2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
||||||||
| Negative affective states (all) | ||||||||
| Behavior | 120 | * 0.29 | 0.13, 0.45 | <.001 | 622.08 | <.001 | 80.87 | 0.58 |
| Intentions | 25 | *0.06 | −0.04, 0.16 | .208 | 29.22 | .212 | 17.87 | 0.01 |
| Craving | 31 | * 0.29 | 0.00, 0.58 | .049 | 188.34 | <.001 | 84.07 | 0.50 |
| Attitudes/ evaluations/ expectancies | 22 | 0.11 | −0.02, 0.23 | .085 | 27.33 | .160 | 23.15 | 0.02 |
| Implicit evaluations/ attention | 16 | 0.05 | −0.26, 0.36 | .763 | 72.48 | <.001 | 79.30 | 0.29 |
| Perceived behavioral control | 17 | *−0.34 | −0.73, 0.04 | .076 | 118.13 | <.001 | 86.46 | 0.52 |
| Information seeking | 5 | −0.06 | −0.44, 0.32 | .757 | 5.10 | .278 | 21.52 | 0.04 |
| Negative mood | ||||||||
| Behavior | 26 | 0.30 | 0.04, 0.57 | .023 | 71.79 | <.001 | 65.18 | 0.28 |
| Intentions | 2 | 0.03 | −1.08, 1.14 | .956 | 4.95 | .026 | 79.80 | 0.51 |
| Craving | 1 | 0.58 | −0.23, 1.40 | .162 | - | - | - | - |
| Attitudes/ evaluations/ expectancies | 5 | 0.07 | −0.15, 0.30 | .529 | 4.01 | .404 | 0.29 | 0.00 |
| Implicit evaluations/ attention | 5 | 0.01 | −0.66, 0.69 | .969 | 34.59 | <.001 | 88.44 | 0.52 |
| Perceived behavioral control | 4 | −0.81 | −1.27, −0.34 | .001 | 8.11 | .044 | 63.00 | 0.14 |
| Stress | ||||||||
| Behavior | 43 | * 0.48 | 0.15, 0.80 | .004 | 269.07 | <.001 | 84.39 | 0.93 |
| Intentions | 1 | −0.03 | −0.46, 0.40 | .882 | - | - | - | - |
| Craving | 21 | *0.24 | −0.10, 0.58 | .172 | 74.70 | <.001 | 73.23 | 0.43 |
| Attitudes/ evaluations/ expectancies | 5 | 0.08 | −0.19, 0.35 | .549 | 6.47 | .167 | 38.15 | 0.03 |
| Implicit evaluations/ attention | 4 | 0.29 | −0.58, 1.15 | .513 | 24.55 | <.001 | 87.79 | 0.67 |
| Perceived behavioral control | 7 | −0.13 | −0.77, 0.52 | .692 | 36.24 | <.001 | 83.44 | 0.60 |
| Anger | ||||||||
| Behavior | 6 | 0.29 | −0.00, 0.58 | .051 | 2.43 | .787 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Intentions | 5 | 0.10 | −0.05, 0.25 | .195 | 1.95 | .745 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Craving | 1 | −0.02 | −0.52, 0.48 | .940 | - | - | - | - |
| Information seeking | 2 | 0.20 | −0.49, 0.90 | .566 | 0.01 | .923 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Disgust | ||||||||
| Behavior | 1 | −0.42 | −0.80, −0.03 | .034 | - | - | - | - |
| Intentions | 1 | −0.42 | −0.82, −0.02 | .041 | - | - | - | - |
| Craving | 1 | −0.34 | −0.57, −0.10 | .005 | - | - | - | - |
| Attitudes/ evaluations/ expectancies | 1 | 0.19 | −0.37, 0.75 | .502 | - | - | - | - |
| Implicit evaluations/ attention | 1 | −0.06 | −0.61, 0.50 | .833 | - | - | - | - |
| Fear | ||||||||
| Behavior | 4 | 0.44 | −0.59, 1.47 | .400 | 14.50 | .002 | 79.31 | 0.87 |
| Intentions | 3 | 0.05 | −0.12, 0.22 | .556 | 0.32 | .854 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Guilt | ||||||||
| Behavior | 1 | 0.58 | −0.05, 1.20 | .071 | ||||
| Intentions | 2 | 0.08 | −0.52, 0.26 | .794 | 4.87 | .027 | 79.45 | 0.15 |
| Loneliness | ||||||||
| Behavior | 3 | 0.47 | −0.14, 1.09 | .133 | 1.61 | .447 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Sadness | ||||||||
| Behavior | 33 | 0.10 | −0.06, 0.25 | .211 | 60.66 | .002 | 47.25 | 0.09 |
| Intentions | 7 | 0.16 | −0.05, 0.37 | .145 | 3.49 | .745 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Craving | 7 | 0.53 | −0.26, 1.33 | .187 | 82.61 | <.001 | 92.74 | 1.03 |
| Attitudes/ evaluations/ expectancies | 7 | 0.08 | −0.11, 0.28 | .405 | 9.07 | .170 | 33.82 | 0.02 |
| Implicit evaluations/ attention | 4 | 0.02 | −0.21, 0.25 | .860 | 0.10 | .992 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Perceived behavioral control | 6 | −0.23 | −0.98, 0.52 | .548 | 56.06 | <.001 | 91.08 | 0.79 |
| Shame | ||||||||
| Behavior | 7 | −0.03 | −1.81, 1.76 | .978 | ||||
| Intentions | 4 | 0.07 | −0.36, 0.49 | .760 | 6.87 | .083 | 55.13 | 0.10 |
| Attitudes/ evaluations/ expectancies | 5 | 0.25 | −0.28, 0.78 | .360 | 8.43 | .077 | 52.56 | 0.18 |
| Implicit evaluations/ attention | 2 | −0.38 | −2.46, 1.70 | .721 | 9.32 | .002 | 89.28 | 2.01 |
Note: When an outcome is not listed under a particular affective state, this indicates that no studies targeting that affective state assessed that outcome. Significant overall effect sizes are bolded. Significant overall effect sizes are bolded. Asterisks indicate main effects with at least one significant moderator.