Comparison 8. Primary health professional‐ and community professional‐led interventions versus enhanced usual care in adult patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol or substance use.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
8.1 Clinical recovery ‐ harmful or hazardous alcohol or drug use	3	2150	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.91 [0.80, 1.02]
8.1.1 Recovery from harmful or hazardous alcohol use ‐ Intermediate term (1 to 6 months post intervention)	3	1075	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.93 [0.77, 1.12]
8.1.2 Recovery from harmful or hazardous alcohol use ‐ Long term (> 6 months post intervention)	2	712	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.88 [0.73, 1.06]
8.1.3 Recovery from at‐risk cannabis use ‐ Intermediate term (1 to 6 months post intervention)	1	363	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.82 [0.63, 5.22]
8.2 Prevalence ‐ cannabis drug use (dichotomous data)	1		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
8.2.1 Intermediate term (1 to 6 months post intervention)	1	152	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.10 [0.67, 1.80]
8.3 Clinical symptoms ‐ alcohol use (up to 1 month post intervention)	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
8.3.1 Risk of harmful or hazardous drinking	1	179	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.46 [‐0.76, ‐0.16]
8.4 Clinical symptoms ‐ alcohol use (1‐6 months post intervention)	4		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
8.4.1 Risk of harmful or hazardous drinking	3	1075	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.15 [‐0.27, ‐0.03]
8.4.2 Amount of alcohol consumed	1	92	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.52 [‐0.94, ‐0.10]
8.5 Clinical symptoms ‐ alcohol use (> 6 months post intervention)	2		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
8.5.1 Risk of harmful or hazardous drinking	2	712	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.12 [‐0.32, 0.55]
8.6 Clinical symptoms ‐ drug and alcohol use (1 to 6 months post intervention)	2	705	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.20 [‐0.35, ‐0.05]
8.6.1 Intermediate term (1 to 6 months post intervention)	2	705	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.20 [‐0.35, ‐0.05]
8.7 Clinical symptoms ‐ cannabis drug use (continuous data)	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
8.7.1 Intermediate term (1 to 6 months post intervention)	1	363	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.60 [‐1.34, 0.14]
8.8 Depression symptoms	2		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
8.8.1 Long term (> 6 months post intervention)	2	712	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.14 [‐0.70, 0.42]
8.9 Quality of life	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
8.9.1 Intermediate term (1 to 6 months post intervention)	1	560	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.00 [‐0.10, 0.10]