| Participant‐reported pain intensity (skewed data) | ||||
| Study | Interventions | Mean | Standard deviation | n |
| Visual analogue scale (VAS) endpoint pain intensity score (high score = poor outcome) | ||||
| Hagen 1997 | Hydromorphone | 28.86 | 17.08 | 19 |
| Oxycodone | 30.30 | 25.33 | 12 | |
| Inoue 2017 | Hydromorphone | 23.00 | 17.91 | 86 |
| Oxycodone | 23.20 | 18.83 | 92 | |
| Inoue 2018 | Hydromorphone | 24.70 | 22.11 | 88 |
| Oxycodone | 27.90 | 21.05 | 84 | |
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