Table 3.
Predictors of Vaccine Hesitancy
| Enthusiasm to Receive Vaccination, n (%) | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participant Characteristics | Not Willing/Unsure (n = 226) | Willing (n = 430) | Unadjusted | Adjusted |
| Case statusa | ||||
| Case with SARS-CoV-2 infection | 139 (61.5) | 264 (61.4) | N/A | N/A |
| Uninfected control | 87 (38.5) | 166 (38.6) | N/A | N/A |
| Age | ||||
| 18–29 y | 82 (36.3) | 189 (44.0) | Ref | Ref |
| 30–49 y | 93 (41.2) | 147 (34.2) | 1.45 (1.01, 2.10) | 1.45 (.97, 2.16) |
| 50–64 y | 34 (15.0) | 76 (17.7) | 1.03 (.64, 1.66) | .77 (.46, 1.28) |
| ≥65 y | 17 (7.5) | 18 (4.2) | 2.20 (1.07, 4.40) | 1.66 (.77, 3.57) |
| Region | ||||
| Predominantly urban regionsb | 67 (29.6) | 214 (49.8) | Ref | Ref |
| Predominantly rural regionsc | 159 (70.4) | 216 (50.2) | 2.35 (1.66, 3.29) | 2.42 (1.66, 3.52) |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 107 (47.3) | 236 (54.9) | Ref | Ref |
| Woman | 119 (52.7) | 194 (45.1) | 1.35 (.97, 1.87) | 1.47 (1.04, 2.08) |
| Incomed | ||||
| Under $50 000 | 55 (24.3) | 132 (30.7) | Ref | Ref |
| $50 000 to $100 000 | 49 (21.7) | 98 (22.8) | 1.20 (.76, 1.91) | 1.17 (.73, 1.86) |
| $100 000 to $150 000 | 28 (12.4) | 39 (9.1) | 1.72 (.98, 3.07) | 1.4 (0.81,2.41) |
| Over $150 000 | 22 (9.7) | 44 (10.2) | 1.20 (.66, 2.18) | 1.25 (.7, 2.28) |
| Racee | ||||
| White | 104 (46.0) | 163 (38.0) | Ref | Ref |
| Hispanic | 53 (23.5) | 146 (34.0) | .57 (.38, .85) | .72 (.46, 1.12) |
| Asian | 7 (3.1) | 58 (13.5) | .19 (.08, .44) | .24 (.1, .55) |
| Black | 20 (8.8) | 18 (4.2) | 1.74 (.88, 3.44) | 2.54 (1.24, 5.15) |
| More than 1 race | 26 (11.5) | 36 (8.4) | 1.13 (.64, 1.97) | 1.4 (.78, 2.51) |
| Native American or Alaskan Native | 6 (2.7) | 4 (0.9) | 2.34 (.64, 8.48) | 2.02 (.54, 7.53) |
| Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander | 3 (1.3) | 1 (0.2) | 4.73 (.48, 42.82) | 4.64 (.46, 45.74) |
Logistic regression models adjusting for age, region, sex, income, and race predicted the likelihood an individual was vaccine hesitant. Missing values of income and race were multiply imputed using the Amelia II package.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; N/A, not applicable; Ref, reference; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
aCase status is presented here for context but was not included in regression analyses as it could be considered an outcome of willingness to receive vaccination; thus, odds ratio estimates are N/A for this characteristic.
bPredominantly urban regions include San Francisco Bay area, Greater Los Angeles area, Greater Sacramento area, San Diego, and the Southern border. We tabulate regions of residence for individuals who were hesitant or willing to receive vaccination in Supplementary Table 1.
cPredominantly rural regions include Central Coast, Northern Sacramento valley, San Joaquin Valley, Northwestern California, and the Sierras region. We tabulate regions of residence for individuals who were hesitant or willing to receive vaccination in Supplementary Table 1.
dFor regression analyses, values were imputed for individuals who did not share income data due to refusal (43 [19.0%] among hesitant and 66 [15.3%] among nonhesitant participants) or those who did not know their income (29 [12.8%] among hesitant and 51 [11.9%] among nonhesitant participants).
eFor regression analyses, values were imputed for individuals who did not share race data (7 [3.1%] among hesitant and 3 [0.7%] among nonhesitant participants).