Comparison 1. Screening versus control.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Prostate cancer‐specific mortality (subgroup analysis age)	5	341342	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.00 [0.86, 1.17]
1.1 Men aged ≥ 45 years	1	46486	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.01 [0.76, 1.33]
1.2 Men aged ≥ 50 years	2	191025	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.93 [0.69, 1.27]
1.3 Men aged ≥ 55 years	2	103831	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.12 [0.92, 1.37]
2 Prostate cancer‐specific mortality (subgroup analysis age, including ERSPC 'core' age group)	5	321586	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.00 [0.83, 1.19]
2.1 Men aged ≥ 45 years	1	46486	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.01 [0.76, 1.33]
2.2 Men aged ≥ 50 years	1	9026	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.16 [0.79, 1.72]
2.3 Men aged ≥ 55 years	3	266074	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.98 [0.75, 1.27]
3 Prostate cancer‐specific mortality (sensitivity analysis overall risk of bias)	2	258684	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.96 [0.70, 1.30]
3.1 Low risk of bias	2	258684	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.96 [0.70, 1.30]
4 Prostate cancer‐specific mortality (sensitivity analysis overall risk of bias, including ERSPC 'core' age group)	2	238928	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.94 [0.65, 1.35]
4.1 Low risk of bias	2	238928	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.94 [0.65, 1.35]
5 All‐cause mortality (subgroup analysis age)	4	294856	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.00 [0.96, 1.03]
5.1 Men aged ≥ 50 years	2	191025	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.14 [0.84, 1.56]
5.2 Men aged ≥ 55 years	2	103831	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.98 [0.95, 1.01]
6 All‐cause mortality (subgroup analysis age, including ERSPC 'core' age group)	4	275100	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.99 [0.96, 1.03]
6.1 Men aged ≥ 50 years	1	9026	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.38 [1.06, 1.79]
6.2 Men aged ≥ 55 years	3	266074	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.99 [0.97, 1.00]
7 All‐cause mortality (sensitivity analysis overall risk of bias)	2	258684	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.99 [0.96, 1.02]
7.1 Low risk of bias	2	258684	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.99 [0.96, 1.02]
8 All‐cause mortality (sensitivity analysis overall risk of bias, including ERSPC 'core' age group)	2	238928	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.98 [0.97, 1.00]
8.1 Low risk of bias	2	238928	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.98 [0.97, 1.00]
9 Prostate cancer diagnosis (subgroup analysis age)	4	294856	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.30 [1.02, 1.65]
9.1 Men aged ≥ 50 years	2	191025	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.59 [1.54, 1.64]
9.2 Men aged ≥ 55 years	2	103831	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.12 [1.08, 1.17]
10 Prostate cancer diagnosis (subgroup analysis age, including ERSPC 'core' age group)	4	275100	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.30 [1.03, 1.64]
10.1 Men aged ≥ 50 years	1	9026	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.47 [1.16, 1.86]
10.2 Men aged ≥ 55 years	3	266074	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.26 [0.96, 1.64]
11 Tumour stage (localised T1‐T2, N0, M0)	3	247954	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.79 [1.19, 2.70]
12 Tumour stage (advanced T3‐4, N1, M1)	3	247954	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.80 [0.73, 0.87]