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. 2021 Aug 12;12:699899. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.699899

TABLE 1.

Chemical components isolated and structurally identified from A. carambola.

No. Chemical constituents Molecular formula Extracts Parts References
Flavonoids
1 Carambolaside R1 C35H38O14 EtOH Leaves Yang et al. (2020a)
2 Carambolaside R2 C35H38O14 EtOH Leaves Yang et al. (2020a)
3 Carambolaside R3 C35H38O15 EtOH Leaves Yang et al. (2020a)
4 Carambolaside S1 C41H48O18 EtOH Leaves Yang et al. (2020a)
5 Carambolaside S2 C41H48O18 EtOH Leaves Yang et al. (2020a)
6 Carambolaside T1 C41H48O18 EtOH Leaves Yang et al. (2020a)
7 Carambolaside T2 C41H48O18 EtOH Leaves Yang et al. (2020a)
8 Carambolaside T3 C41H48O19 EtOH Leaves Yang et al. (2020a)
9 3-Hydroxycarambolaside T1 C41H48O19 EtOH Leaves Yang et al. (2020a)
10 3-Hydroxycarambolaside P C47H58O24 EtOH Leaves Yang et al. (2020a)
11 Carambolaside M C32H42O18 EtOH Fruits Jia et al. (2018)
12 Carambolaside N C38H52O22 EtOH Fruits Jia et al. (2018)
13 Carambolaside O C47H58O23 EtOH Fruits Jia et al. (2018)
14 Carambolaside P C47H58O23 EtOH Fruits Jia et al. (2018)
15 Carambolaside Q C41H48O19 EtOH Fruits Jia et al. (2018)
16 Carambolaside A C21H24O9 MeOH Fruits Yang et al. (2015)
17 Carambolaside B C30H30O10 MeOH Fruits Yang et al. (2015)
18 Carambolaside C C27H34O14 MeOH Fruits Yang et al. (2015)
19 Carambolaside D C36H40O15 MeOH Fruits Yang et al. (2015)
20 Carambolaside E C27H34O13 MeOH Fruits Yang et al. (2016)
21 Carambolaside F C36H40O14 MeOH Fruits Yang et al. (2016)
22 Carambolaside G C36H40O14 MeOH Fruits Yang et al. (2016)
23 Carambolaside H C36H40O15 MeOH Fruits Yang et al. (2016)
24 Carambolaside I C41H48O18 MeOH Fruits Yang et al. (2016)
25 Carambolaside Ia C41H48O18 MeOH Fruits Yang et al. (2016)
26 Carambolaside J C47H58O22 MeOH Fruits Yang et al. (2016)
27 Carambolaside Ja C47H58O22 MeOH Fruits Yang et al. (2016)
28 8-carboxymethyl-(+)-epicatechin methyl ester C18H18O8 EtOH Fruits Jia et al. (2018)
29 (+)-Epicatechin C15H14O6 EtOH Fruits Jia et al. (2018)
30 Epicatechin-(5,6-bc)-4β-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-dihydro-2(3H)-pyranone C24H20O8 EtOH Leaves Yang et al. (2020b)
31 Epicatechin-(7,8-bc)-4α-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-dihydro-2(3H)-pyranone C24H20O8 EtOH Leaves Yang et al. (2020b)
32 Epicatechin-(7,8-bc)-4β-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-dihydro-2(3H)-pyranone C24H20O8 EtOH Leaves Yang et al. (2020b)
33 6-(S-2-Pyrrolidinone-5-yl)-epicatechin C19H19NO7 EtOH Leaves Yang et al. (2020b)
34 6-(R-2-pyrrolidinone-5-yl)-epicatechin C19H19NO7 EtOH Leaves Yang et al. (2020b)
35 (–)-Epicatechin C15H14O6 EtOAc Fruits Gunawardena et al. (2015)
36 Pinobanksin 3-O-β-D-glucoside C21H22O10 EtOH Fruits Jia et al. (2018)
37 Aromadendrin 3-O-β-D-glucoside C21H22O11 EtOH Fruits Jia et al. (2018)
38 Helicioside A C21H22O12 EtOH Fruits Jia et al. (2018)
39 Taxifolin 3′-O-β-D-glucoside C21H22O12 EtOH Fruits Jia et al. (2018)
40 Norathyriol C13H8O6 EtOH Fruits Jia et al. (2018)
41 Isorhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside C28H32O16 EtOH Fruits Jia et al. (2018)
42 Hovertichoside C C36H46O14 MeOH Fruits Yang et al. (2015)
43 Isovitexin 2″-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside C27H30O14 MeOH Fruits Yang et al. (2015)
44 Carambolaflavone C27H30O13 MeOH Fruits Yang et al. (2015)
45 (+)-Catechin C15H14O6 Aqueous Roots Liao et al. (2019a)
46 Isovitexin C21H22O10 EtOH Leaves Araho et al. (2005)
47 Carambolaflavone A C27H30O13 EtOH Leaves Araho et al. (2005), Moresco et al. (2012), Wang et al. (2018)
48 Carambolaflavone B C27H30O13 EtOH Leaves Araho et al. (2005), Moresco et al. (2012), Wang et al. (2018)
49 Apigenin 6-C-(2′′-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside C36H37O18 EtOH Leaves Moresco et al. (2012)
50 Cyanidin-3-O-β-D-glucoside C21H21O11Cl EtOH Leaves Gunasegaran (1992)
51 Cyanidin-3, 5-O-β-D-diglucoside C27H37O16Cl EtOH Leaves Gunasegaran (1992)
Terpenes
52 (5R,6S,7E,9R)-5,6,9-trihydroxy-7-megastigmene 9-O-β-D-glucoside C19H34O8 EtOH Fruits Jia et al. (2019)
53 Drovomifoliol C13H19O3 EtOH Fruits Jia et al. (2019)
54 3-oxo-α-ionol-9-O-β-D-glucoside C19H31O7 EtOH Fruits Jia et al. (2019)
55 Roseoside C19H30O8 EtOH Fruits Jia et al. (2019)
56 3-oxo-9-O-β-D-glucosyloxy-4,6E-megastigmadien C19H30O8 EtOH Fruits Jia et al. (2019)
57 4-oxo-β-ionol 9-O-β-D-glucoside C19H31O8 EtOH Fruits Jia et al. (2019)
58 Cannabiside D C19H30O9 EtOH Fruits Jia et al. (2019)
59 Dendranthemoside B C19H32O8 EtOH Fruits Jia et al. (2019)
60 Icariside C27H30O11 EtOH Fruits Jia et al. (2019)
61 Officinoside A C19H32O8 EtOH Fruits Jia et al. (2019)
62 6S,7E,10S)-△9,15-10-hydroxyabscisic alcohol C15H22O4 EtOH Fruits Jia et al. (2019)
63 Abscisic acid C15H20O4 EtOH Fruits Jia et al. (2019)
64 Abscisyl β-D-glucoside C21H31O10 EtOH Fruits Jia et al. (2019)
65 9E-abscisic acid C15H20O4 EtOH Fruits Jia et al. (2019)
66 9E-abscisyl β-D-glucoside C21H32O10 EtOH Fruits Jia et al. (2019)
67 9E-abscisic alcohol β-D-glucoside C21H33O9 EtOH Fruits Jia et al. (2019)
68 cis-abscisic acid C15H20O4 EtOAc Fruits Gunawardena et al. (2015)
69 trans-abscisic acid C15H20O4 EtOAc Fruits Gunawardena et al. (2015)
70 trans-abscisic alcohol C15H22O3 EtOAc Fruits Gunawardena et al. (2015)
71 (6S,9R)-vomifoliol C13H20O3 EtOAc Fruits Gunawardena et al. (2015)
72 cis-abscisic acid β-D-glucopyranosyl ester C22H32O8 EtOAc Fruits Gunawardena et al. (2015)
73 trans-abscisic alcohol β-D-glucopyranoside C22H33O7 EtOAc Fruits Gunawardena et al. (2015)
74 (6S,9R)-roseoside C14H22O3 EtOAc Fruits Gunawardena et al. (2015)
75 cis-abscisic alcohol β-D-glucopyranoside C22H33O7 EtOAc Fruits Gunawardena et al. (2015)
76 Artemisinic acid C15H22O2 EtOH Fruits Yang et al. (2012)
77 3-β-hydroxyartemisinic acid C15H22O3 EtOH Fruits Yang et al. (2012)
78 Artemisinic acid 3-β-O-β-D-glucopyranoside C21H32O8 EtOH Fruits Yang et al. (2012)
79 3-β-hydroxyartemisinic acid β-D-glucopyranosyl ester C21H32O8 EtOH Fruits Yang et al. (2012)
80 Arjunolic acid C30H48O5 MeOH Fruits Yang et al. (2014)
Phenolics
81 Vanillic acid C8H8O4 MeOH Fruits Yang et al. (2014)
82 8,9,10-trihydroxythymol C10H10O4 MeOH Fruits Yang et al. (2014)
83 Carambolaside K C30H48O15 EtOH Fruits Jia et al. (2017)
84 Carambolaside L C32H52O16 EtOH Fruits Jia et al. (2017)
85 Koaburaside C14H20O9 EtOH Fruits Jia et al. (2017)
86 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenol-1-O-β-D-glucopyranoside C15H22O9 BuOH Roots Wen et al. (2012)
87 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl 1-O-β-apiofuranosyl (1''→6')-O-β-D-glucopyranoside C19H28O13 BuOH Roots Wen et al. (2012)
88 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl 1-O-β-apiofuranosyl (1''→6')-β-glucopyranoside C20H30O13 BuOH Roots Wen et al. (2012)
89 Methoxyhydroquinone-4-β-D-glucopyranoside C13H18O18 BuOH Roots Wen et al. (2012)
90 3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenol 1-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1''→6')-O-β-D-glucopyranoside C18H26O12 BuOH Roots Wen et al. (2012)
91 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenol 1-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1''→6')-O-β-D-glucopyranoside C18H26O12 BuOH Roots Wen et al. (2012)
92 Protocatechuic acid C7H6O4 EtOH Fruits Jia et al. (2017)
93 1-O-vanilloyl-β-D-glucose C14H18O9 EtOH Fruits Jia et al. (2017)
94 2,5-dimethoxy-3-undecylphenol C19H33O3 EtOAc Wood Chakthong et al. (2010)
95 5-methoxy-3-undecylphenol C18H31O2 EtOAc Wood Chakthong et al. (2010)
96 Gallic acid C7H6O5 Acetone Fruits Shui and Leong (2004)
Phenylpropanoids
97 Ferulic acid C10H10O4 MeOH Fruits Yang et al. (2014)
98 (+)-isolariciresinol 9-O-β-D-glucoside C27H36O12 EtOH Fruits Jia et al. (2017)
99 (+)-lyoniresinol 9-O-β-D-glucoside C28H38O13 EtOH Fruits Jia et al. (2017)
100 (−)-lyoniresinol 9-O-β-D-glucoside C28H38O13 EtOH Fruits Jia et al. (2017)
101 1-O-feruloyl-β-D-glucose C16H20O9 EtOH Fruits Jia et al. (2017)
102 Tarennanosides A C37H46O17 Aqueous Roots Liao et al. (2019a)
103 Fernandoside C36H44O16 Aqueous Roots Liao et al. (2019a)
104 7α-[(β-glucopyranosyl) oxy]-lyoniresinol C28H38O13 Aqueous Roots Liao et al. (2019a)
105 (+)-lyoniresinol 3α-O-β-D-glucopyranoside C28H38O13 Aqueous Roots Liao et al. (2019a)
106 (−)-lyoniresinol 3α-O-β-D-glucopyranoside C28H38O13 Aqueous Roots Liao et al. (2019a)
107 (−)-5′-methoxy-isolariciresinol 3α-O-β-D-glucopyranoside C27H36O12 Aqueous Roots Liao et al. (2019a)
108 (+)-5′-methoxy-isolariciresinol 3α-O-β-D-glucopyranoside C27H36O12 BuOH Roots Wen et al. (2012)
109 (+)-isolariciresinol 3α-O-β-D-glucopyranoside C26H34O11 BuOH Roots Wen et al. (2012)
110 (−)-isolariciresinol 3α-O-β-D-glucopyranoside C26H34O11 BuOH Roots Wen et al. (2012)
111 Reticulol C11H10O5 EtOAc Fruits Sritharan et al. (2019)
112 6-O-methyl-reticulol C11H10O5 EtOAc Fruits Sritharan et al. (2019)
113 5-methylmellein C11H12O3 EtOAc Fruits Sritharan et al. (2019)
114 7-hydroxy-5-methylmellein C11H12O4 EtOAc Fruits Sritharan et al. (2019)
Other constituents
115 Benzyl-1-O-β-D-glucopyranoside C13H18O6 BuOH Roots Wen et al. (2012)
116 (2S)-2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-2-hydroxyphenyl-acetic acid C14H18O8 BuOH Roots Wen et al. (2012)
117 Methyl 2-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyloxybenzoate C19H26O12 EtOH Leaves Yang et al. (2020b)
118 Benzyl 2-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyloxybenzoate C25H30O12 EtOH Leaves Yang et al. (2020b)
119 Tecomin C15H20O9 EtOH Fruits Jia et al. (2017)
120 L-ascorbic acid C6H8O6 Acetone Fruits Shui and Leong (2004)
121 2-methoxy-6-nonyl-cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione C16H24O3 EtOH Roots Wen et al. (2014)
122 2-dodecyl-6-methoxycyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione C19H30O3 EtOH Roots Zhang et al. (2020)
123 5-O-methylembelin C18H28O4 EtOAc Woods Chakthong et al. (2010)
124 2-dehydroxy-5-O-methylembelin C18H28O3 EtOAc Woods Chakthong et al. (2010)
125 (+)-cryptosporin C14H12O6 EtOH Fruits Jia et al. (2017)
126 (1R*,3S*)-1-(5-hydroxymethylfuran-2-yl)-3-carboxy-6-hydroxy-8-methoxyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline C16H17NO6 MeOH Fruits Yang et al. (2014)
127 (1S*,3S*)-1-methyl-3-carboxy-6-hydroxy-8-methyoxyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline C12H15NO4 MeOH Fruits Yang et al. (2014)
128 Heptyl vicianoside C18H34O10 EtOH Fruits Yang et al. (2019b)
129 Octyl vicianoside C21H30O11 EtOH Fruits Yang et al. (2019b)
130 cis-3-hexenyl rutinoside C34H43O16 EtOH Fruits Yang et al. (2019b)
131 Methyl 2-O-β-D-fucopyranosyl-α-L-arabinofuranoside C12H22O9 EtOH Fruits Yang et al. (2019b)
132 Methyl α-D-fructofuranoside C7H14O6 EtOH Fruits Yang et al. (2019b)

EtOH, ethanol; EtOAc, ethyl acetate; n-BuOH, n-butanol.