FIG 1.

Framework of network analyses by microbiome network of individual (MNI). (A) In order to construct an MNI for each subject/sample, we first built a population network of n samples and then eliminated the effect of all but the sample of interest. Next, we repeated this process to obtain an MNI for each sample (detailed information is in Materials and Methods). (B) Samples were collected from 58 subjects, including rural smokers (n = 15 from Chongming smokers [CS]), urban smokers (n = 14 from Shanghai smokers [SS]), rural nonsmokers (n = 14 from Chongming nonsmokers [CN]), and urban nonsmokers (n = 15 for Shanghai nonsmokers [SN]). We constructed an MNI for each subject, totaling 58 individual MNIs. (C) The mediation role of the skin microbiome was revealed by MNI analysis for each subject. In particular, the moderated mediation effect of network properties of MNIs was statistically tested using conditional process analysis.