Prophylactic effect and therapeutic effects of serine on O. niloticus mortality and E. tarda infection. (A) Percent survival of O. niloticus challenged with E. tarda after serine treatment at the indicated dose. (B) Percent survival of O. niloticus challenged with E. tarda, which received serine treatment at 1, 4, 10, and 20 h postinfection. The mortality was monitored for a total of 14 days, and only 7 days are shown here. All of the experiments were repeated at least three times.