5. Univariate meta‐regression analyses for self‐reported depression scores at the post‐intervention assessment (universal interventions).
| k | SMD | (95% CI) | β | (95% CI) |
P value (moderator) |
AdjustedR2 (%) |
I2 (Res) (%) |
P value (overall) |
|
| Overall effect | 31 | ‐0.11 | (‐0.17 to ‐0.05) | ‐0.11 | (‐0.17 to ‐0.04) | >0.001 | 0 | 41.0 | > 0.001 |
| Continuous | |||||||||
| Intensity of intervention (hours) | 29 | — | — | 0.01 | (0.00 to 0.02) | > 0.001 | 68.0 | 18.0 | > 0.001 |
| Binary | |||||||||
| Focus of intervention | |||||||||
| CBT (reference) | 21 | ‐0.11 | (‐0.18 to ‐0.04) | — | — | — | 0 | 46.5 | 0.79 |
| CBT + IPT | 3 | ‐0.08 | (‐0.25 to 0.10) | 0.02 | (‐0.24 to 0.28) | 0.87 | — | — | — |
| IPT | 1 | ‐0.27 | (‐0.57 to 0.02) | ‐0.16 | (‐0.58 to 0.25) | 0.43 | — | — | — |
| Third wave | 6 | ‐0.01 | (‐0.31 to 0.30) | 0.07 | (‐0.19 to 0.33) | 0.57 | — | — | — |
| Depression severity at baseline | |||||||||
| Subthreshold (reference) | 25 | ‐0.11 | (‐0.18 to ‐0.04) | — | — | — | 0 | 45.9 | 0.62 |
| Mild | 5 | ‐0.06 | (‐0.26 to 0.14) | 0.05 | (‐0.16 to 0.27) | 0.62 | |||
| Moderate | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Severe | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Focus of CBT (for CBT studies only) | |||||||||
| CBT – cognitive and behavioural (reference) | 11 | ‐0.08 | (‐0.15 to ‐0.01) | — | — | — | 2.0 | 42.7 | 0.42 |
| CBT ‐ cognitive | 13 | ‐0.14 | (‐0.24 to ‐0.03) | ‐0.05 | (‐0.19 to 0.08) | 0.42 | |||
| CBT ‐ behavioural | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Inclusion of relaxation component (for CBT studies only) | |||||||||
| No mention of relaxation component (reference) | 11 | ‐0.13 | (‐0.23 to ‐0.04) | — | — | — | 9.0 | 40.8 | 0.45 |
| Relaxation component described as included | 13 | ‐0.08 | (‐0.16 to ‐0.01) | 0.05 | (‐0.09 to 0.19) | 0.45 | — | — | — |
| Inclusion of problem‐solving skills training component (for CBT studies only) | |||||||||
| No mention of problem‐solving component (reference) | 6 | ‐0.20 | (‐0.34 to ‐0.07) | — | — | — | 14.0 | 40.4 | 0.13 |
| Problem‐solving component described as included | 18 | ‐0.08 | (‐0.15 to ‐0.01) | 0.12 | (‐0.04 to 0.28) | 0.13 | — | — | — |
| Inclusion of social skills training component (for CBT studies only) | |||||||||
| No mention of social skills component (reference) | 8 | ‐0.18 | (‐0.29 to ‐0.07) | — | — | — | 13.0 | 39.5 | 0.11 |
| Social skills component described as included | 16 | ‐0.06 | (‐0.13 to 0.01) | 0.11 | (‐0.03 to 0.24) | 0.11 | |||
| Type of facilitator | |||||||||
| Mental health expert (reference group) | 11 | ‐0.11 | (‐0.23 to 0.02) | — | — | — | 0 | 48.0 | 0.57 |
| Students | 6 | ‐0.21 | (‐0.38 to ‐0.05) | ‐0.10 | (‐0.35 to 0.14) | 0.38 | — | — | — |
| Non‐mental health expert | 8 | ‐0.09 | (‐0.22 to 0.03) | 0.01 | (‐0.19 to 0.22) | 0.88 | — | — | — |
| Mode of delivery | |||||||||
| Face‐to‐face (group or individual) | 27 | ‐0.11 | (‐0.19 to ‐0.04) | — | — | — | 0 | 43.9 | 0.76 |
| Online/telephone | 4 | ‐0.07 | (‐0.18 to 0.03) | 0.03 | (‐0.15 to 0.20) | 0.76 | — | — | — |
k refers to number of trials.
CBT: cognitive behavioural therapy CI: confidence interval IPT: interpersonal therapy