Table 3. STm—Symptoms and test model.
| Covariate | Coefficient (95% CI) | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Risk score* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||||
| Age-group (ref = 60–69 yrs) | 18–39 yrs | −3.34 (−4.24–2.44) | 0.04 (0.01–0.09) | <0.001 | −10 |
| 40–49 yrs | −1.61 (−2.09–1.13) | 0.20 (0.12–0.32) | <0.001 | −5 | |
| 50–59 yrs | −0.96 (−1.3–0.63) | 0.38 (0.27–0.53) | <0.001 | −3 | |
| 70–79 yrs | 0.36 (0.16–0.57) | 1.44 (1.17–1.77) | 0.001 | 1 | |
| 80+ yrs | 0.33 (0.11–0.54) | 1.38 (1.12–1.72) | 0.003 | 1 | |
| Sex (ref = female) | Male | 0.53 (0.38–0.69) | 1.70 (1.46–1.99) | <0.001 | 2 |
| Smoking status (ref = never) | Current | 0.60 (0.35–0.85) | 1.82 (1.41–2.34) | <0.001 | 2 |
| Ex-smoker | 0.18 (−0.06–0.42) | 1.20 (0.94–1.53) | 0.144 | 1 | |
| Symptoms | |||||
| Abdominal pain | Yes | 0.64 (0.42–0.86) | 1.90 (1.52–2.37) | <0.001 | 2 |
| Change in bowel habit | Yes | 0.71 (0.23–1.18) | 2.03 (1.26–3.26) | 0.004 | 2 |
| Dyspepsia | Yes | 0.47 (0.16–0.77) | 1.59 (1.17–2.17) | 0.003 | 1 |
| Signs | |||||
| Iron Deficiency Anaemia | Yes | 0.51 (0.15–0.88) | 1.67 (1.16–2.41) | 0.006 | 2 |
| Jaundice | Yes | 0.85 (0.24–1.45) | 2.33 (1.27–4.28) | 0.006 | 3 |
| Blood tests | |||||
| Low albumin | Yes | 0.36 (0.17–0.55) | 1.43 (1.18–1.73) | <0.001 | 1 |
| Raised alkaline phosphatase | Yes | 0.67 (0.48–0.86) | 1.95 (1.61–2.36) | <0.001 | 2 |
| Raised AST/ALT | Yes | 0.69 (0.39–0.99) | 1.99 (1.47–2.70) | <0.001 | 2 |
| Raised CRP | Yes | 1.41 (1.18–1.64) | 4.09 (3.24–5.16) | <0.001 | 4 |
| Low haemoglobin | Yes | 0.37 (0.19–0.55) | 1.45 (1.21–1.74) | <0.001 | 1 |
| Low mcv | Yes | −0.47 (−0.68–0.25) | 0.63 (0.50–0.78) | <0.001 | −1 |
| Raised platelets | Yes | 0.50 (0.31–0.70) | 1.65 (1.36–2.02) | <0.001 | 2 |
| Raised monocytes | Yes | 0.68 (0.50–0.86) | 1.97 (1.65–2.36) | <0.001 | 2 |
| Low lymphocytes | Yes | 0.36 (0.18–0.53) | 1.43 (1.20–1.70) | <0.001 | 1 |
| Constant | −6.09 (−6.36–5.81) | <0.001 | |||
Candidate covariates included in the backwards stepwise selection procedure using p < 0.01 to retain covariates included the following: sex, age-group, smoking status, abdominal mass, abdominal pain, appetite loss, back pain, chest pain (noncardiac), chest signs, change in bowel habit, dyspepsia, dysphagia, iron deficiency anaemia, jaundice, lymphadenopathy, venous thromboembolism, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, haemoglobin, liver enzymes (AST/ALT), lymphocytes, mean cell volume, monocytes, neutrophils, and platelets.
*Conversion factor = 0.32. The conversion factor is used to translate coefficients into the risk score, rounded to the nearest integer.
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CRP, C-reactive protein; mcv, mean cell volume.