Table 1. Descriptive data related to IPH cases, numbers (n) and percentages (%), with Fisher’s exact test for male-perpetrated and female-perpetrated cases with dichotomised variables.
N = 48 male and 10 female perpetrators, total of 59 cases*.
| Variables based on perpetrated cases, including suicide cases | Male homicide cases, n = 49* | Female homicide cases, n = 10 | Dichotomised variables | Male homicide cases, n = 49* | Female homicide cases, n = 10 | Fischer Exact Test, 2-sided | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |||
| Suicide after homicide | 8 | 16.3 | 0 | 00 | ||||||
| Relationship at homicide | Relationship | |||||||||
| Spouse ** | 16 | 32.7 | 2 | 20.0 | Spouse | 29 | 59.2 | 4 | 40.0 | .311 |
| Cohabiting partner ** | 13 | 26.5 | 2 | 20.0 | Other | 20 | 40.8 | 6 | 60.0 | |
| Non-cohabiting partner | 6 | 12.2 | 4 | 40.0 | ||||||
| Divorced/separated | 9 | 18.4 | 1 | 10.0 | ||||||
| Other | 5 | 10.2 | 1 | 10.0 | ||||||
| Length of relationship before divorce/separation or homicide | Length of relationship | |||||||||
| < I year | 4 | 8.2 | 2 | 20.0 | 1–5 years | 19 | 47.5 | 5 | 50 | 1.000 |
| 1–5 years | 15 | 30.6 | 3 | 30.0 | > 5 years | 21 | 52.5 | 5 | 50 | |
| 6–10 years | 4 | 8.2 | 1 | 10.0 | ||||||
| >10 years | 17 | 34.7 | 4 | 40.0 | ||||||
| No information | 9 | 18.4 | 0 | 0.0 | ||||||
| Ongoing or conceivable divorce/separation | Ongoing divorce/separation | |||||||||
| Yes | 20 | 40.8 | 3 | 30.0 | Yes | 20 | 40.8 | 3 | 30.0 | .725 |
| No | 29 | 59.2 | 7 | 70.0 | No | 29 | 59.2 | 7 | 70.0 | |
| Homicide location | Homicide location | |||||||||
| At home | 38 | 77.6 | 7 | 70.0 | At home | 38 | 77.6 | 7 | 70.0 | .688 |
| Workplace | 2 | 4.1 | 0 | 0.0 | Other places | 11 | 22.4 | 3 | 30.0 | |
| Outdoors | 7 | 14.3 | 1 | 10.0 | ||||||
| Other | 2 | 4.1 | 2 | 20.0 | ||||||
| Children present at time of homicide | Children present | |||||||||
| Victim of violence | 1 | 2.0 | 0 | 0.0 | Present | 13 | 35.1 | 2 | 28.6 | 1.000 |
| Witnessed homicide | 6 | 12.2 | 1 | 10.0 | Not present | 24 | 64.9 | 5 | 71.4 | |
| At home but did not witness homicide | 6 | 12.2 | 1 | 10.0 | ||||||
| Not present | 24 | 49.0 | 5 | 50.0 | ||||||
| No information | 12 | 24.6 | 3 | 30.0 | ||||||
| Variables based on perpetrated cases, excluding suicide cases | Male homicide cases, N = 41 | Female homicide cases, N = 10 | Dichotomised variables | Male homicide cases, n = 48 | Female homicide cases, N = 10 | Fischer Exact test, 2-sided | ||||
| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |||
| Verdict in district court | Verdict in district court | |||||||||
| Murder | 35 | 85.4 | 5 | 50.0 | Murder | 35 | 85.4 | 5 | 50.0 | .027 |
| Manslaughter | 1 | 2.4 | 3 | 30.0 | All other | 6 | 14.6 | 5 | 50.0 | |
| Involuntary manslaughter | 3 | 7.3 | 1 | 10.0 | ||||||
| Not guilty | 2 | 4.9 | 1 | 10.0 | ||||||
| Verdict in higher court | Verdict in higher court | |||||||||
| Murder | 36 | 87.8 | 5 | 50.0 | Murder | 36 | 87.8 | 5 | 50.0 | .017 |
| Manslaughter | 2 | 4.9 | 2 | 20.0 | All other | 5 | 12.2 | 5 | 50.0 | |
| Involuntary manslaughter | 3 | 7.3 | 2 | 20.0 | ||||||
| Not guilty | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 10.0 | ||||||
| Sentence in higher court | Sentence in higher court | |||||||||
| Life imprisonment | 6 | 14.6 | 0 | 0.0 | Life imprisonment | 6 | 14.6 | 0 | 0.0 | .331 |
| Fixed-term imprisonment | 22 | 53.7 | 9 | 90.0 | Fixed-term imprisonment | 22 | 53.7 | 9 | 90.0 | .067 |
| Forensic psychiatric care | 11 | 26.8 | 0 | 0.0 | Forensic psychiatric care | 11 | 26.8 | 0 | 0.0 | .094 |
| Deportation *** | 4 | 9.8 | 0 | 0.0 | Deportation *** | 4 | 9.8 | 0 | 0.0 | .573 |
| Mode of killing† | Mode of killing† | |||||||||
| Knife | 19 | 6 | Knife/Other | 19 | 39.6 | 6 | 60.0 | .499 | ||
| Number of stabs: | - | |||||||||
| 1–2 | 5 | - | 3 | - | - | |||||
| 3–5 | 5 | - | 0 | - | - | |||||
| >10 | 5 | - | 2 | - | - | |||||
| No information on record | 4 | - | 1 | - | - | |||||
| Firearm | 8 | 0 | - | Firearm/Other | 8 | 16.7 | 0 | 0.0 | .329 | |
| Strangulation | 7 | 1 | - | Strangulation/Other | 7 | 14.6 | 1 | 10.0 | 1.000 | |
| Blunt violence or other | 11 | 3 | - | Blunt violence/Other | 11 | 22.9 | 3 | 30.0 | 1.000 | |
| Motivational factors † | Motivational factors † | |||||||||
| Jealousy | 15 | - | 2 | - | Jealousy/Other | 15 | 36.6 | 2 | 20.0 | .463 |
| Separation | 16 | - | 3 | - | Separation/Other | 16 | 39.0 | 3 | 30.0 | .725 |
| Subjected to IPV | 1 | - | 5 | - | Subjected to IPV/Other | 1 | 2.4 | 4 | 40.0 | .004 |
| Financial conflict | 3 | - | 3 | - | Financial conflict/Other | 3 | 7.3 | 3 | 30.0 | .081 |
| Custody dispute | 1 | - | 0 | - | Custody dispute/Other | 1 | 2.4 | 0 | 0.0 | 1.000 |
| Other | 17 | - | 0 | - | ||||||
* There were 49 male-perpetrated cases if IPHS were included and 41 male-perpetrated cases if IPHS were excluded, respectively, as one individual had killed two ex- partners.
** One married individual was not cohabiting with the partner and one cohabiting couple had separated at the time of the homicide.
*** Two individuals were sentenced to life imprisonment + deportation and two individuals were sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment + deportation.
† More than one mode of killing and motivational factors were reported in the court records; numbers (n) and percentage (%) do thus not correspond with the total n.