Table 1.

Potential PD biomarkers associated with EVs, and specific levels for each body district.

POTENTIAL PROTEIN BIOMARKERS	EVs SOURCE	LEVELS IN PD PATIENTS	REF.
α-Syn	Plasma Saliva CSF Serum	Higher Higher Lower/Higher Lower/Higher	[119-123, 126] [127, 128] [106, 129] [124-126]
Ser(P)-1292 LRRK2	Urine	Higher	[135-137]
DJ-1	Urine Plasma	Higher Higher	[142, 143] [120]
APO A1 and J Complement C1r	Plasma	Lower	[144]
APO D and APO J Afamin and Gelsolin PEDF	Serum	Higher	[145]
PrPC	Plasma	Higher	[146]
SNAP23 Calbindin	Urine	Higher	[149]
ATP5A, NDUFS, SDHB FGF21 IL-9	Serum	Lower	[163]
CRP TNF-α MIPs	Serum	Higher	[163]