Table 1.
Overview of included studies, presented in alphabetical order by author name.
| Study (authors, year) | Country | Participants (n) | Sociodemographic characteristics of participants | Variables – measures used; data collection time point(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Balci et al. (2021)32 | Turkey | 45 patients with Parkinson's disease vs 43 controls | Patients: 33.3% women, mean age :67 years; Controls: 44.2% women, mean age: 66 years |
Physical activity – Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly Anxiety and depression – Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale Data collected June 2020; participants asked to respond considering the time between 11 March 2020 (declaration of first COVID-19 case in Turkey) and 1 June 2020 (end of lockdown restrictions in Turkey) |
| Baschi et al. (2020)17 | Italy | 34 patients with PD and no cognitive impairment vs. 31 patients with PD and mild cognitive impairment vs. 31 patients with with mild cognitive impairment not associated with PD | 39.6% female, mean age 67.3 | Parkinson's disease – Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale; Functional independence – Basic and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living scales; Cognitive impairment – Mini Mental State Examination; Depressive symptoms – Geriatric Depression Scale; Impact of pandemic – semistructured interviews; Change in symptoms – study-specific questionnaire completed by PwPD and caregivers; Change in global cognition – Mini Mental State Examination Motor and non-motor changes – MDS-UPDRS Parts I and II Measures taken 10 weeks after lockdown |
| Brown et al. (2020)47 | USA (authors in USA, approximately 80% of participants in USA, although all continents are represented) | 5429 patients vs. 1452 controls | Patients with Parkinson's disease and COVID-19: 53% women, mean age: 65 years Patients with Parkinson's disease without COVID-19: 48% women, mean age: 68 years Controls with COVID-19: 92% women, mean age: 57 years Controls without COVID-19: 78% women, mean age: 61 years |
COVID-19 symptoms/diagnosis, testing, risk factors and treatment; change in Parkinson's disease symptoms; effect of social distancing measures on healthcare access, social interactions and other essential activities – all measured with study-specific scales Measures taken between April and May 2020 |
| De Micco et al. (2021)18 | Italy | 94 | 34% women, mean age at last prelockdown assessment: 65.47 years | Prelockdown assessments: Disease severity – Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale; Impact of Parkinson's disease on ability to cope with daily life – Schwab and England Scale; Non-motor symptoms – Non-Motor Symptom Scale; Cognitive functioning – Montreal Cognitive Assessment; Depression – Beck Depression Inventory; Anxiety – Parkinson Anxiety Scale; Apathy – Apathy Evaluation Scale; Fatigue – Parkinson Fatigue Scale; Daytime sleepiness – Epworth Sleepiness Scale; Quality of life – Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39 Assessments after lockdown: Psychological impact of lockdown – Impact of Events Scale-Revised; Psychological distress – Kessler Psychological Distress Scale; Caregiver strain – Zarit Burden Inventory Measures taken after a mean of 40 days quarantine and compared with data from each patient's last prelockdown visit |
| Del Prete et al. (2021)19 | Italy | 740 (0.9% who had been diagnosed with COVID-19) | Not reported | Possible worsening of motor symptoms, mood, insomnia – telephone interviews; Depression, anxiety – Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21; Acceptability of telemedicine and accessibility to doctors – study-specific questions Measures taken between April and May 2020 |
| El Otmani et al. (2021)40 | Morocco | 50 | 52% women; mean age: 60.4 years | Depression and anxiety – Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale Measures taken at the beginning of lockdown and after six weeks of full confinement |
| Feeney et al. (2021)34 | USA | 1342 | 50.6% women, mean age: 70.9 years | Knowledge, attitudes and practices – study-specific surveys Measures taken between May and June 2020 |
| Guo et al. (2020)26 | China | 113 | 41.6% women; mean age: 69.5 years | COVID-19 experiences – COVID-19 Questionnaire for PD Patients during the Period of Epidemic Prevention and Control; Parkinson's disease difficulties – Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire 39 Measures taken during ‘epidemic prevention and control’ period (February–March 2020) and followed up during the gradual release of this period (April 2020) |
| Hanff et al. (2020)39 | Luxembourg | 606 | 33.83% women, mean age: 67.22 years | Needs and unmet needs during the pandemic – semistructured interviews Interviews conducted between March and April 2020 |
| Janiri et al. (2020)20 | Italy | 134 | Not reported | Lifetime psychiatric symptoms – semistructured interview; Disease severity – Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale; Impact of social restrictions on psychiatric burden – semistructured interview Measures taken in April 2020 |
| Kapel et al. (2021)42 | Slovenia | 42 | Gender not reported, mean age not reported, age range: 41–78 years | Motor state, use of orthopaedic props, deteriorations and reduction in motor functions, fall incidence, hospital admissions, impact of hand-on therapy absence, gait, sleep, behaviour disorders – study-specific questionnaire in the seventh week of restrictions |
| Kitani-Morii et al. (2021)30 | Japan | 39 patients vs. 32 controls (caregivers) | Patients: 35% women; mean age: 72.3 years Controls: 84% women; mean age: 66.4 years |
Depression – Patient Health Questionnaire 9; Anxiety – Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7; Insomnia – Insomnia Severity Index; Subjective motor experiences of daily living – Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Measures taken between April and May 2020 |
| Kumar et al. (2020)28 | India | 832 | 31.5% women, 83.8% aged 50 years or older (mean not reported) | Worsening of symptoms and quality of life – study-specific survey Measures taken between May and July 2020 |
| Oppo et al. (2020)21 | Italy | 32 patients; 32 caregivers | PwPD: 25% women, mean age: 72.5 years Caregivers: 81.2% women, mean age: 64.63 years |
Aspects of Parkinson's disease – Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part II; Non-motor symptoms – Non-motor Symptoms Scale; Impulsive compulsive disorders – Questionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale; Quality of life – Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire 8; Anxiety and depression – Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (both caregivers and patients); Caregivers also completed the Zarit Burden Interview Measures taken during the last 10 days of Italy's lockdown |
| Palermo et al. (2020)22 | Italy | 28 | Not reported | Mental state – Mini Mental State Examination Measures taken between June and July 2020 and compared with the last prelockdown clinical assessment from January to February 2020 |
| Piano et al. (2020)23 | Italy | 90 | 36% women, mean age: 62 years | Concomitant diseases and disability measures – Activities of Daily Living and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scales, Hoehn and Yahr scale for patients with PD, Clinical Global Impression Severity Scale; Effects of COVID-19 lockdown – study-specific survey and CGI Improvement Scale Measures taken between April and May 2020 |
| Prasad et al. (2020)29 | India | 100 patients vs. 100 caregivers | Patients: 30% women, mean age: 58.06 years Caregivers: 49% women, mean age: 44.14 years |
Perceptions and implications of COVID-19 – study-specific questionnaire Measures taken after 3 weeks of lockdown |
| Salari et al. (2020)38 | Iran | 137 patients vs. 95 caregivers vs. 442 controls | Patients: 65.7% women, mean age: 55 years Caregivers: 74.7% women, mean age: 43 years Control’s age and gender matched to patients |
Anxiety – Beck Anxiety Inventory II-Persian Not reported when measures were taken; however, study was published in May 2020 |
| Santos-Garcia et al. (2020)44 | Spain | 568 | 53% women, mean age: 63.5 years | Quality of life, Parkinson's disease variables, knowledge and impact of COVID-19, role and strain of caregiver – study-specific questionnaire Measures taken between May and July 2020 |
| Say et al. (2020)33 | Turkey | 86 | 30.23% women, mean age: 71.15 years | COVID-19 knowledge, compliance with preventive measures, risk perception, history of COVID-19, impact of the pandemic on medical adherence, new or worsening of PD symptoms – study-specific survey Measures collected after 3 months of home quarantine |
| Schirinzi et al. (2020a)24 | Italy | 162 | 54% women, mean age: 64.9 years | Relationship between COVID-19 and PD, acute changes in neurological symptoms, occurrence of intercurrent medical conditions, clinical services – descriptive analysis of emails, texts and voice messages sent spontaneously from PwPD or their caregivers to a PD clinic during the first 3 weeks of lockdown in March 2020 |
| Schirinzi et al. (2020b)25 | Italy | 74 | Not reported | Motor activity habits before pandemic, type and frequency of physiotherapy/rehabilitation exercise, motor activity habits during lockdown, type of exercise done during lockdown, use of technology-based tools and wearable devices, perception of health during pandemic – study-specific questionnaire; Intensity of physical activity – International Physical Activity Questionnaire; Clinical severity of PD symptoms – Parkinson's Well-Being Map; Depression – Beck Depression Inventory Measures taken during April–May 2020 |
| Shalash et al. (2020)36 | Egypt | 38 patients vs. 20 controls | Patients: 23.7% women; mean age: 55.58 years Controls: 30% women; mean age: 55.56 years |
Perception of the impact of COVID-19 – study-specific scale; Depression, anxiety and stress – Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21; Physical activity – short form of the international physical activity questionnaire; PDQ39 Not reported when measures were taken; however, study published in May 2020 |
| Song et al. (2020)43 | South Korea | 100 | 46% women, mean age: 70 years | Motor symptoms – UPDRS Part 3; General cognition – MMSE; Subjective changes in PD symptoms – study-specific questionnaire; Activities of daily living – Schwab and England Scale of Activities of Daily Living; Amount of exercise – Physical Activity Scale of the Elderly; Participants also asked whether their amount of exercise was reduced due to the pandemic Measures taken in May 2020 and compared with baseline data from December 2019 to January 2020 |
| Suzuki et al. (2021)31 | Japan | 100 patients vs. 100 caregivers | Patients: 55% women, mean age: 72.2 years Caregivers: 53% women, mean age: 65.5 years |
Anxiety and depression – Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; Changes in motor symptoms, sleep and mood since the pandemic – Patient Global Impression of Change Scale; Health-related quality of life – the physical component summary and mental component summary of the short-form SF-8 Measures taken between June and December 2020 |
| Templeton et al. (2021)35 | USA | 28 | 53.57% women, age range: 52–84 years (mean not reported) | Quality of life activity levels and symptom changes since the pandemic – study-specific questionnaire Participants asked to rate before Parkinson's disease diagnosis, after diagnosis and after the 4-month stay-at-home mandate |
| Thomsen et al. (2021)46 | Denmark and Sweden | 67 | 47.8% women; median age: 70 years, mean not reported | Health-related quality of life – Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-8 or Patient Reported Outcome in Parkinson's disease; Depression – Beck Depression Scale; Apathy – Lille Apathy Rating Scale; How the pandemic had influenced everyday life – free-text question Measures taken at baseline (2017), pre-COVID (2018) and during COVID (April–June 2020) |
| Van der Heide et al. (2020)41 | Netherlands | 358 | 38.5% women, mean age: 62.8 years | Stress – Perceived Stress Scale; Parkinson's symptom severity – Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale; Anxiety – Parkinson Anxiety Scale; Brooding – brooding subscale of the Ruminative Response Scale; Change in Parkinson's symptoms – study-specific question; Social support – SOZU-K-10; Resilience – Brief Resilience Scale; Neuroticism – subscale of the Big Five Inventory; Positive appraisal and behavioural coping – COPE and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire Measures taken between April and May 2020 |
| Xia et al. (2020)27 | China | 119 patients vs. 169 controls | Patients: 48.7% women, mean age: 61.18 years Controls matched for age and gender |
Sleep quality – Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; Psychological distress – Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; Impact of pandemic on life – study-specific questions Measures completed in April 2020 and retrospectively assessed sleep and mental health status between February and April 2020 |
| Yule et al. (2021)45 | UK | 167 patients vs. 51 controls | 52.09% men, 47.30% women and 0.59% who preferred to self-describe gender, mean age: 66.0 years | Impulse control behaviours – Questionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson's Disease; Anxiety – State Trait Anxiety Inventory; Impulsivity – Barratt Impulsiveness Scale; Apathy – Starkstein Apathy Scale; Quality of life – Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-8; Experiences during the pandemic – open questions Measures taken pre-pandemic and during the March–June 2020 lockdown |
| Zipprich et al. (2020)37 | Germany | 99 patients vs. 21 controls | 35.4% women, median age: 72 years | Knowledge, attitudes, practices and burden associated with COVID-19 preventive measures – semistructured interviews Measures taken in April 2020 |
PwPD, people with Parkinson's disease.
MDS-UPDRS, Movement Disorder Society-Sponsored Revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale; MMSE - Mini Mental State Examination, PD, Parkinson's disease; UPDRS - Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale.