Skip to main content
. 2021 Aug 14;2021:5523055. doi: 10.1155/2021/5523055

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Metabolic features of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) may dynamically adjust their metabolism within the tumor microenvironment. Extracellular lactate can stimulate glycolysis by creating a pseudohypoxic milieu that may increase lactate production and secretion. Also, TAMs utilize glycolysis, TCA, and OXPHOS to increment the rate of bioenergetic production. TAMs exhibit increased glutamine, arginine, and tryptophan metabolism, increasing energy production, collagen synthesis, and immunosuppressive functions. Furthermore, depending on the TAM stage, lipid metabolism is also altered due to lipid uptake and storage may increase or lipids may be derived towards FAO and participate in TCA and OXPHOS. Moreover, active glycolysis may connect with F.A.S. by increasing acetyl-CoA production; for further details, see the text. TCA: tricarboxylic acid cycle; OXPHOS: oxidative phosphorylation; FAO: fatty acid oxidation; FAS: fatty acid synthesis; PUFAs: polyunsaturated fatty acids; 15-LOX-2: 15-lipoxygenase-2; 15, HETE: 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid; ARG1: arginase-1; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthetase; NO: nitric oxide; ROS: reactive oxygen species; IDO: indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase; LDHA: lactate dehydrogenase A; MCT-1/4: monocarboxylate transporters-1/4; HK2: hexokinase-2; PFKL: phosphofructokinase; ENO1: enolase-1.