Table 2.
Between-group comparison of changes in children's behavior.
| Variables | Lower grade elementary school (n = 145) | Higher grade elementary school (n = 124) | Junior high school (n = 132) | Senior high school (n = 134) | p | Cramer's V |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes, n (%) | Yes, n (%) | Yes, n (%) | Yes, n (%) | |||
| Has your child spent more time at home since schools were closed? | 133 (91.7)‡ | 124 (100)† | 130 (98.5) | 132 (98.5) | <0.001∗∗ | .143 |
| Has your child spent more time studying since schools were closed? | 56 (38.6) | 46 (37.1) | 65 (49.2) | 62 (46.3) | .134 | .112 |
| Has your child spent more time exercising since schools were closed? | 25 (17.2) | 16 (12.9) | 11 (8.3) | 15 (11.2) | .151 | .094 |
| Has your child had fewer opportunities to attend after-school activities? | 123 (84.8)† | 111 (89.5)† | 93 (70.5)‡ | 90 (67.2)‡ | <0.001∗∗ | .225 |
| Has your child been confused by the change in their schedule and daily routine due to COVID-19? | 35 (24.1) | 39 (31.5) | 45 (34.1) | 43 (32.1) | .285 | .084 |
| Has your child cried and complained easily during the quarantine? | 18 (12.4)† | 6 (4.8) | 1 (0.76)‡ | 1 (0.75)‡ | <0.001∗∗ | .227 |
| Has your child gotten angry and annoyed easily? | 52 (35.9) | 39 (31.5) | 40 (30.3) | 31 (23.1) | .141 | .101 |
| Does your child have decreased motivation? | 51 (35.2) | 45 (36.3) | 60 (45.5) | 62 (46.3) | .122 | .104 |
| Has your child's ability to keep calm decreased? | 23 (15.9)† | 7 (5.6) | 6 (4.5) | 6 (4.5) | <0.001∗∗ | .182 |
| Is your child excessively scared? | 5 (3.4) | 1 (0.8) | 1 (0.8) | 1 (0.7) | .161 | .098 |
| Has your child's dependence on parents and family increased? | 43 (29.7)† | 32 (25.8)† | 15 (11.4)‡ | 7 (5.2)‡ | <0.001∗∗ | .263 |
| Have your child's eating habits changed (e.g., overeating and refusing food)? | 24 (16.6) | 30 (24.2) | 27 (20.5) | 27 (20.1) | .488 | .067 |
| Has your child's sleep pattern changed (e.g., insomnia, difficulty falling asleep, and nightmares)? | 34 (23.4)‡ | 44 (35.5) | 64 (48.5)† | 73 (54.5)† | <0.001∗∗ | .249 |
The chi-squared test and Fisher's exact test were used for statistical analysis. COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019. p < 0.05∗, p < 0.001∗∗, adjusted residuals > 2.0†, adjusted residuals < −2.0‡.