Effects of CIG on the expression of APP-related proteins in the cerebral cortex of SAMP8 mice at different ages (western blotting). (a, b) Representative images and quantitative analysis of the expression of APP, sAPPα, ADAM10, and BACE-1 in the cerebral cortex of mice at 6 months of age and (c, d) at 14 months of age. GAPDH served as an internal loading control and the relative intensity in the SAMR1 control group was set as 100%. Data are expressed as the mean ± S.E.M., n = 4 each group. #P < 0.05 and ##P < 0.01, SAMP8 model group vs. SAMR1 control group; ∗P < 0.05 and ∗∗P < 0.01, drug-treated SAMP8 groups vs. SAMP8 model group. APP, β-amyloid precursor protein; sAPPα, soluble APPα fragment; ADAM10, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (α-secretase); BACE-1, β-site APP cleaving enzyme (β-secretase).