Table 4.
Univariate and multivariate Cox regression for risk factors predictive of GBM in PSM cohort
| Univariate Analysis | Multivariate Analysis (AAPR) | Multivariate Analysis (Albumin) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | p value | HR | 95% CI | p value | HR | 95% CI | p value | ||||
| LL | UL | LL | UL | LL | UL | |||||||
| Age at operation | ||||||||||||
| ≥55 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
| <55 | 0.675 | 0.477 | 0.954 | 0.025 | 0.878 | 0.613 | 1.258 | 0.479 | 0.984 | 0.682 | 1.420 | 0.932 |
| Gender | ||||||||||||
| Male | 1 | |||||||||||
| Female | 0.756 | 0.524 | 1.091 | 0.135 | ||||||||
| KPS | ||||||||||||
| >80 | 1 | |||||||||||
| ≤80 | 1.013 | 0.699 | 1.468 | 0.947 | ||||||||
| Hemisphere | ||||||||||||
| Midline or bilateral | 1 | |||||||||||
| Right | 0.580 | 0.287 | 1.172 | 0.129 | ||||||||
| Left | 0.458 | 0.226 | 0.931 | 0.031 | ||||||||
| Location | ||||||||||||
| Frontal lobe | 1 | |||||||||||
| Temporal lobe | 1.404 | 0.804 | 2.453 | 0.233 | ||||||||
| Parietal lobe | 0.919 | 0.280 | 3.024 | 0.890 | ||||||||
| Occipital lobe | ||||||||||||
| Other regions | 1.248 | 0.813 | 1.917 | 0.311 | ||||||||
| Pre-operative seizures | ||||||||||||
| No | 1 | |||||||||||
| Yes | 1.104 | 0.709 | 1.719 | 0.660 | ||||||||
| Adjuvant therapy | ||||||||||||
| Chemotherapy and radiotherapy | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
| Chemotherapy or radiotherapy | 2.809 | 1.803 | 4.375 | <0.001 | 2.866 | 1.834 | 4.478 | <0.001 | 3.119 | 1.986 | 4.899 | <0.001 |
| None | 4.085 | 2.632 | 6.339 | <0.001 | 4.062 | 2.605 | 6.335 | <0.001 | 3.754 | 2.410 | 5.849 | <0.001 |
| Ki67 | ||||||||||||
| ≥30% | 1 | |||||||||||
| <30% | 0.813 | 0.579 | 1.143 | 0.235 | ||||||||
| IDH-1 | ||||||||||||
| Positive | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
| Negative | 2.688 | 1.474 | 4.901 | 0.001 | 2.584 | 1.405 | 4.752 | 0.002 | 2.702 | 1.468 | 4.976 | 0.001 |
| NLR | ||||||||||||
| Low | 1 | |||||||||||
| High | 1.338 | 0.904 | 1.981 | 0.146 | ||||||||
| AAPR | ||||||||||||
| Low | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
| High | 0.679 | 0.482 | 0.956 | 0.027 | 0.649 | 0.459 | 0.918 | 0.015 | ||||
| Albumin | ||||||||||||
| Low | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
| High | 0.664 | 0.472 | 0.935 | 0.019 | 0.664 | 0.466 | 0.947 | 0.024 | ||||
Significant findings are expressed in bold and italic.
Abbreviations: GBM, glioblastoma; PSM, propensity score matching; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; LL, lower limit; UL, upper limit; KPS, Karnofsky performance status; IDH-1, Isocitrate dehydrogenase-1; NLR, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio; AAPR, albumin to alkaline phosphatase ratio.