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. 2021 Aug 31;11:17404. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-97081-1

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Cytotoxicity of drug-free graphene/chitosan nanocomposites with 0.5, 2, and 5wt% of graphene and drug-free chitosan nanoparticles on SKBR-3 cell line in 2D and 3D cultures models using MTT assay, (b) cell viability of SKBR-3 cancer cells with DOX released after treatment with the graphene/chitosan nanocomposite with 2wt% of graphene in 2D and 3D cultures at pH 4.5 and (c) cell viability of SKBR-3 cancer cells with DOX released after treatment with the graphene/chitosan nanocomposite with 2wt% of graphene in 2D and 3D cultures at pH 7.4. Values are mean ± SEM (n = 3). Significant difference (P < 0.05) was marked with * (p < 0.0001: ****, p < 0.001: ***, p < 0.01: **, p < 0.05: *).